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Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes does each human body cell have?

A

23 pair

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2
Q

Haploid

A

A cell with n chromosomes (only 1 allele for each trait) 23

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3
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that contains 2n chromosomes (only 2 alleles for each trait) 46

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4
Q

What makes an organism more complex?

A

The amount of genes or into on the chromosomes

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

One of the two paired chromosomes, one from each parent

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6
Q

Homologous pair

A

Same chromosome from each parent

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7
Q

Similarities and differences between a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A
  • same length (because they have the same genes)
  • same centromere position
  • carry genes that control the same inherited traits
  • different possible variation of the gene (allele) (moms eyes could be brown, dads eyes could be blue)
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8
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA

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9
Q

Allele

A

Variations of a gene

Ex. Hair colors

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10
Q

How many alleles per gene in a haploid cell

A

One allele for every gene

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11
Q

Why are gametes produced?

A

To maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation

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12
Q

Gonad

A

Sex organ

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13
Q

What happens when gametes combine in fertilization?

A

The number of chromosomes is restored

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14
Q

What makes gametes

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

When the egg and sperm combine

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis I

A
  • chromosome number is reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes
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18
Q

Interphase

A
  • happens once
  • growth and development
  • DNA copied
  • final prep/checkpoint
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19
Q

Prophase I

A
  • chromosomes coil
  • pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindles farm
  • crossing over
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20
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

What happens because of crossing over

A
  • new combo of genetics
  • exchange of genetic information
  • possible mutations
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22
Q

How many chromatids in a chromosome?

A

2

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23
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • spindle fibers line the homologous chromosomes up in the middle
  • random assortment when they line up
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24
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • homologous chromosomes splits and move to polar poles (not making any more chromosomes)
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25
Telophase I
- spindles break down - chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei - cell divides - end up with 2 haploid cells
26
Prophase II
- chromosomes condense - spindle apparatus forms and attaches - nuclear envelope disappears
27
Metaphase II
- a haploid number of chromosomes line up at the equator
28
Anaphase II
- the sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell
29
Telophase II
- chromosomes reach the poles - nuclear membrane and nuclei reform - chromosomes uncoil and spindle break down
30
Cytokinesis
Results in four haploid cells with n chromosomes
31
What is the importance of Meiosis?
- two sets of divisions | - reproduces
32
Asexual reproduction
- the organism inherits all of its chromosomes from a single parent - the new individual is genetically identical to its parent - fast - all kingdoms - Bacteria
33
Sexual reproduction
- beneficial genes multiply faster over time - genetic diversity - all kingdoms (besides bacteria)
34
Inheritance
The passing of traits to the next generation
35
Heredity
Your genetics
36
True-breeding
If you leave the plant alone it will self pollinate without the need of wind or bugs
37
What type of pollination did Mendel use
Cross-pollination
38
Seed or pea color
Yellow is dominant over green
39
Flower color
Purple is dominant over white
40
Seed pod color
Green is dominant over yellow
41
Seed shape or texture
Round is dominant over wrinkles
42
Seed pod shape
Inflated is dominant over constricted
43
Stem length
Tall is dominant to short
44
Flower position
Axial is dominant to terminal
45
P generation
Parent generation
46
F1
Offspring of the first filial
47
F2
Offspring of the F1 generation only
48
Dominant
Allele that masks the other alleles
49
Recessive
Allele that is masked by the dominant allele
50
Rules about letters that represent alleles
- dominant is capital - one letter for one gene - recessive is lowercase - dominant letter first
51
Genotype
Type of genes (Yy)
52
Phenotype
What is looks like; physical characteristics
53
Homozygous
An organism with the same alleles for a particular trait (YY) purebred
54
Heterozygous
An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait (Yy) hybrid
55
What does zygous mean
2 alleles
56
Law of Segregation
Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. During fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite
57
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis
58
Monohybrid cross
A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait Yy x Yy; gg x gg
59
Dihybrid cross
The simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant TtAa x TtAa; heterozygous for both traits
60
Punnett squares
Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes
61
Genetic recombination
The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment
62
What causes genetic recombination?
- crossing over - independent assortment - timing
63
Gene linkage
When genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosomes link during gamete formation (exception to independent assortment)
64
Polyploidy
The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism
65
Example of polyploidy
Down syndrome

Biology (12 decks)

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