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Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many chromosomes does each human body cell have?

A

23 pair

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2
Q

Haploid

A

A cell with n chromosomes (only 1 allele for each trait) 23

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3
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that contains 2n chromosomes (only 2 alleles for each trait) 46

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4
Q

What makes an organism more complex?

A

The amount of genes or into on the chromosomes

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

One of the two paired chromosomes, one from each parent

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6
Q

Homologous pair

A

Same chromosome from each parent

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7
Q

Similarities and differences between a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A
  • same length (because they have the same genes)
  • same centromere position
  • carry genes that control the same inherited traits
  • different possible variation of the gene (allele) (moms eyes could be brown, dads eyes could be blue)
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8
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA

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9
Q

Allele

A

Variations of a gene

Ex. Hair colors

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10
Q

How many alleles per gene in a haploid cell

A

One allele for every gene

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11
Q

Why are gametes produced?

A

To maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation

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12
Q

Gonad

A

Sex organ

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13
Q

What happens when gametes combine in fertilization?

A

The number of chromosomes is restored

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14
Q

What makes gametes

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

When the egg and sperm combine

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis I

A
  • chromosome number is reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes
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18
Q

Interphase

A
  • happens once
  • growth and development
  • DNA copied
  • final prep/checkpoint
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19
Q

Prophase I

A
  • chromosomes coil
  • pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindles farm
  • crossing over
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20
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

What happens because of crossing over

A
  • new combo of genetics
  • exchange of genetic information
  • possible mutations
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22
Q

How many chromatids in a chromosome?

A

2

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23
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • spindle fibers line the homologous chromosomes up in the middle
  • random assortment when they line up
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24
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • homologous chromosomes splits and move to polar poles (not making any more chromosomes)
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25
Q

Telophase I

A
  • spindles break down
  • chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei
  • cell divides
  • end up with 2 haploid cells
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26
Q

Prophase II

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle apparatus forms and attaches
  • nuclear envelope disappears
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27
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • a haploid number of chromosomes line up at the equator
28
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • the sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell
29
Q

Telophase II

A
  • chromosomes reach the poles
  • nuclear membrane and nuclei reform
  • chromosomes uncoil and spindle break down
30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Results in four haploid cells with n chromosomes

31
Q

What is the importance of Meiosis?

A
  • two sets of divisions

- reproduces

32
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • the organism inherits all of its chromosomes from a single parent
  • the new individual is genetically identical to its parent
  • fast
  • all kingdoms
  • Bacteria
33
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • beneficial genes multiply faster over time
  • genetic diversity
  • all kingdoms (besides bacteria)
34
Q

Inheritance

A

The passing of traits to the next generation

35
Q

Heredity

A

Your genetics

36
Q

True-breeding

A

If you leave the plant alone it will self pollinate without the need of wind or bugs

37
Q

What type of pollination did Mendel use

A

Cross-pollination

38
Q

Seed or pea color

A

Yellow is dominant over green

39
Q

Flower color

A

Purple is dominant over white

40
Q

Seed pod color

A

Green is dominant over yellow

41
Q

Seed shape or texture

A

Round is dominant over wrinkles

42
Q

Seed pod shape

A

Inflated is dominant over constricted

43
Q

Stem length

A

Tall is dominant to short

44
Q

Flower position

A

Axial is dominant to terminal

45
Q

P generation

A

Parent generation

46
Q

F1

A

Offspring of the first filial

47
Q

F2

A

Offspring of the F1 generation only

48
Q

Dominant

A

Allele that masks the other alleles

49
Q

Recessive

A

Allele that is masked by the dominant allele

50
Q

Rules about letters that represent alleles

A
  • dominant is capital
  • one letter for one gene
  • recessive is lowercase
  • dominant letter first
51
Q

Genotype

A

Type of genes (Yy)

52
Q

Phenotype

A

What is looks like; physical characteristics

53
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism with the same alleles for a particular trait (YY) purebred

54
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait (Yy) hybrid

55
Q

What does zygous mean

A

2 alleles

56
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. During fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite

57
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis

58
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait Yy x Yy; gg x gg

59
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

The simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant TtAa x TtAa; heterozygous for both traits

60
Q

Punnett squares

A

Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes

61
Q

Genetic recombination

A

The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment

62
Q

What causes genetic recombination?

A
  • crossing over
  • independent assortment
  • timing
63
Q

Gene linkage

A

When genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosomes link during gamete formation (exception to independent assortment)

64
Q

Polyploidy

A

The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism

65
Q

Example of polyploidy

A

Down syndrome

Biology (12 decks)

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