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HMSC > Chapter 9 (Building A Healthy City) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Building A Healthy City) Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Change Model

A
  1. Pre-contemplation
    - People are yet to recognize that there is a problem in their behaviour that needs to be changed
  2. Contemplation stage
    - have acknowledged that there is a problem
    - not yet ready or sure of wanting to make a change
  3. Preparation/Determination stage
    - people are ready to change
    - have made some initial attempts
  4. Action
    - people start practicing new behaviours
  5. Maintenance
    - maintain the practice of new behaivour for a period of time
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2
Q

Name the Ottawa Charter of health promotion

A
  1. Building healthy public policy
    - Policy directing awareness of health consequences of decisions
    - Accept their responsibility for health
  2. Create supportive environments
    - Generates living/working conditions are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
    - Conservation of natural resources worldwide should be emphasized as a global responsibility
  3. Strengthen community action
    - Enhance self-help and social support
    - Promote mutual help and establish the community bonds
    - Development draws on human and material resources in communities
  4. Develop personal skills
    - Providing information, education for health
    - Enhancing life skills to control health
    - Make choices conducive to maintaining health
  5. Re-orientate health services
    - No longer confined as clinical treatment
    - Extended to disease prevention and health promotion
    - Promotes holistic health
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3
Q

Examples for building healthy public policy

A
  • Legislation
  • Government financial arrangements
  • Taxation
  • Programs and promotions
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4
Q

Examples for create supportive environments

A
  • To foster a safe, fulfilling and happy living environment
  • To provide community support services
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5
Q

Examples for strengthen community action

A
  • To enhance public participation in health matters
  • Support groups for people to express feelings, concerns, experiences
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6
Q

Examples for develop personal skills

A
  • Provide information, health education, training of life skills, positive thinking and community integration
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7
Q

Examples for re-orientate health services

A
  • Encourage health professionals to participate in the promotions
  • Extended to disease prevention and health promotion
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8
Q

Name the 3 levels for a “healthy city”

A
  1. Community level
  2. Society level
  3. International level
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9
Q

Guiding principles for community level

A

1.Community participation
- Encourage people to voice their opinions
- actively build a healthy community

  1. Health promotion
    • Promote healthy living environment and lifestyle
    • Enhance health education that ‘prevention is better than cure’
  2. Primary health care
    • To strengthen the network of community clinics
    • To reduce the need of hospital care
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10
Q

Guiding principles for society level

A
  1. Equity in health
    • Equal opportunity to attain full health potential for everyone regardless of age/gender
  2. Inter-sectoral collaboration
    • Have collaboration across government departments and service organizations
    • For better services tailored to community needs
  3. Evidence-based approach
    • To ensure optimum use of limited resources
    • To identify and meet real demands through validation measures
    • Have proper evaluation procedures
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11
Q

Guiding principles for international levels

A
  1. International cooperation
    • Share knowledge/experiences with other healthy cities around the world
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12
Q

Name the process of risk assessment

A
  1. Risk assessment
  2. Improve health and safety
  3. Changes in the environment
  4. Monitor and review
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13
Q

Name some of the risks

A
  • Injuries
  • Poisoning
  • Physical illness
  • Mental illness
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14
Q

Name hazards for injuries

A
  1. Mechanical hazard
    • Contact with moving parts of machinery or equipment
  2. Physical hazard
    • Obstacles on the ground (wet or demaged flooring)
    • Poor visibility
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15
Q

Name hazards for poisoning

A
  1. Chemical hazard
    • Hazardous chemical substances
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16
Q

Name hazards for physical illness

A
  1. Biological hazard
    • Environmental conditions allow the rapid growth of micro-organisms
  2. Lifestyle hazard
    • Risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol addiction, drug abuse, unprotected sex, unhygienic practices)
17
Q

Name hazard for mental illness

A
  1. Stress hazard
    • Related to life events (work pressure, depression, etc)
18
Q

Consequences for injuries

A
  1. Mechanical hazard
    • Cuts
    • Bruises
    • Punctured skin
    • Crushed limps
    • Amputation
    • Fatality
  2. Physical hazard
    • Slips
    • Trips
    • Falls
19
Q

Consequences of poisoning

A
  1. Chemical hazard
    • Skin or eye irritation
    • Respiratory problems (asthma, lung cancer)
    • Poisonings
    • Long term health problems (e.g. cancer)
20
Q

Consequences for physical illness

A
  1. Biological hazard
    • Infectious diseases (bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites)
  2. Lifestyle hazard
    • Infectious and non infectious diseases (heart attacks, stroke, cancers, asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases)
21
Q

Consequences for mental illness

A
  1. Stress hazard
    • Insomnia
    • Depression
    • High blood pressure
22
Q

Name the risk management

A
  1. Empowerment
    • Provide more occupational safety information
    • Provide informative nutritional labeling
    • Empowerment to deal with lifestyle hazard
  2. Precautions
    • Individual level (wearing surgical masks, washing hands)
    • community level (attending prevention courses, reiterating government guidelines)
  3. Monitoring
    • Controlling the hazardous exposure
    • Putting in-place measures
    • Like no smoking indoors etc
23
Q

Name the health belief model

A
  1. Individual perceptions
  2. Modifying factors
  3. Likelihood of action
24
Q

What is individual perceptions

A

The higher perceive of threat, the more willing to take action

    1. Perceived severity 
      - Individuals assessment on severity of failure to treat the disease 
      - Including clinical consequences 
      - possible social consequences 

    2. Perceived susceptibility 
      - Individuals subjective assessment on risk of contracting a disease
25
Q

What is modifying factors

A

To feel more threatened by disease and trigger preventive action

  - demographic (age, gender)
  - cues to action (doctors advice, education, media information, symptoms, family)
  - socio-psychological (personality, social class)
  - structural factors (knowledge of disease, prior exposure to disease)
26
Q

What is likelihood of action

A

If “perceived benefit” outweighs “perceived barriers”, individuals will take action to prevent diseases

 1. Perceived benefits 
     - Individuals assessment on vaccination in reducing the threat of diseases

 2. Perceived barriers 
      Individuals assessment on the potential 
      - Negative impact of vaccination 
      - Risk (side effects)
      - Unpleasurable action(pain, distress)
      - Time-consuming 
      - Cost
27
Q

Types of bullying

A
  • Physical assault
  • Verbal harassment
  • Exclusion from social situation
  • Coercion

HMSC (19 decks)

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