Chapter 6 (Healthy Community)

Question 1

Examples of International Spread of dieases

Answer 1

• HIV/AIDS
• Ebola Virus
• Human flu (H3N2)
• Avian Influzena (H5N1)

Question 2

Disease Burdens
-WORLDWIDE+LOCAL-

Answer 2

World-wide:
1. Non-communicable diseases
- fast replacing the traditional infectious diseases (such as typhoid, tuberculosis etc.) as the leading cause of disability and premature death
2. Mental Disorders
Increased no. of people suffering from depression and schizophrenia
3. Injuries
caused by accidents, violence and self inflicted incidents (e.g. suicides and impact on functional and psychosocial disability)

Local:
Four Major Leading Causes of Death:
1. Malignant neoplasms (Cancer)
2. Pneumonia
3. Diseases of heart
4. Cerebrovascular diseases (Stroke)

Question 3

Triangle of Communicable Diseases

Answer 3

1. Host (e.g. Human being)
   - refers to the infected individual
2. Pathogen
   - Bacteria, Virus, Parasites, Fungi
   - Transmissibility, Pathogenicity, Virulence
3. Environment and Agents

Question 4

Ways of Transmission (Environment and Agents)

Answer 4

Direct vs indirect contacts
Through: droplets, inhalation, ingestion, blood / body fluid

Question 5

Immune System (Non-Specific defence)

Answer 5

First line – physical barriers such as intact skin and hair in nasal passage; chemical barriers such as tears and saliva

Second line - inflammatory response (affected area red, swollen, and warm)

Question 6

Immune System (Specific defence)
(How immune system responds to germs)

Answer 6

• antigens invade the body
• some B-CELLS and T-CELLS become memory cells
• special T-cells attack and destroy the invaders
  (Similar to vaccination)

Question 7

Vaccination

Answer 7

• Vaccines contain antigens of the virus
• The antigens of the virus will stimulate some white blood cells to become memory cells
• When the virus enters the body again, more antibodies will be produced in a shorter time to destroy the virus

Question 8

Examples/Lifestyle for Non- Communicable Diseases

Answer 8

Examples
Diseases - Cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, heart diseases, diabetes mellitus
Related health problems - strokes, obesity and hypertension

Lifestyle
Sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy dietary practice, smoking, alcohol consumption

Question 9

3 Levels of Disease Prevention
-LEVELS+AIM+EXAMPLE-

Answer 9

Primary Prevention
Aim: avoiding the development of a disease or injury
(E.g. health education and vaccinations)

Secondary Prevention
Aim: early detection of diseases, thereby increasing opportunities for intervention to prevent the progression of the disease
(E.g. health check-ups (pre-marital check-up, antenatal check-up)and disease screening (colorectal cancer screening)

Tertiary Prevention
Aim: proper rehabilitation of patients with an established disease to minimize residual disabilities and complications
(E.g. rehabilitation service)

Question 10

5 Government strategies for Disease Prevention

Answer 10

1. Policy making
   - like tobacco control policy, food labelling and safety
2. Diseases prevention and surveillance
   - Centre for Health Protection - keeps the community abreast of health risks through the issue of alerts and tracks changes in the risk profile and health determinants of the population
3. Control of the disease spreading
   - Real time surveillance
   - Rapid intervention
   - Responsive risk communication
4. Public health promotion
   - Territory-wide health promotion programmes such as “healthy eating”, “active living”
5. Resources management
   - Mobilising resources and providing support for non-governmental organisations in health promotion and disease prevention

Question 11

Sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 11

Transmission
- through sexual intercourse including vaginal sex, oral sex and anal sex
(E.g. Non- Specific Genital Infection, Genital Warts)

Question 12

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
(How it attacks immune system)

Answer 12

• HIV enters through a break in the skin
• HIV infects and demages T-cells lympocytes which are important part of Immune system
• Immune system gets weaker as the virus multiplies and destroys it
• Death occurs when immune system becomes too weak to fight off infections

Question 13

Organisations for Disease Control

Answer 13

World Health Organization (WHO)
- Provide support for infection control
- response to public health emergencies of international concern

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- prevention and control of infectious diseases focus on “emerging” infectious diseases in the US and around the world

Centre for Health Protection
- Strengthen the public health system in diseases prevention Hong Kong