Chapter 9- Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
antibody
A
protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance
2
Q
antigen
A
substance, recognized as harmful to the hose, that stimulates formation of antibodies in immunocompetent
3
Q
bile pigment
A
substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
4
Q
cytokine
A
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, and increase or decrease activity in other cells
5
Q
dendric cell
A
specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents to components of immune
6
Q
immunocompetent
A
possessing the ability to develop an immune response
7
Q
natural killer (NK) cells
A
specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt
8
Q
plasma
A
liquid medium in connective tissue
9
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
10
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells
11
Q
thrombocytes
A
platelets
12
Q
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
A
development of blood cells into their mature forms
13
Q
erythropoiesis
A
RBC development
14
Q
hemoglobin (Hb, Hbg)
A
specialized iron-containing compound
15
Q
hemosideren
A
hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound
16
Q
white blood cells
A
protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in healing process
17
Q
phagocytosis
A
ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles
18
Q
granulocytes
A
presence of granules in the cytoplasm
19
Q
agranulocytes
A
absence of granules in the cytoplasm
20
Q
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLS, poly)
A
nuclei of mature granulocytes are so deeply lobed, especially in neutrophils, that these cells appear to have multiple nuclei
21
Q
mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)
A
agranulocytes most commonly known as this
22
Q
neutrophil
A
first cell to arrive, provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis and dies as a result of phagocytosis
23
Q
eosinophil
A
combats multicellular parasites, control mechanisms associated with allergies
24
Q
basophil
A
initiates inflammation
25
lymphocytes
provides acquired (specific) immunity
26
monocytes
performs mildly phagocytic function, becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues
27
platelets (thrombocytes)
smallest formed elements in the blood
28
thromboplastin
substance that initiates clot formation
29
fibrinogen
a soluble blood protein
30
hemostasis
impediment of blood flow
31
thrombus
blood clot
32
plasma
liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
33
plasma proteins
fibrinogen
34
blood serum
a product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma
35
lymph
fluid
36
lymph vessels
network of transporting vessels
37
lymph capillaries
closed-ended microscopic vessels
38
pathogens
disease-causing organisms
39
innate immunity
first type of immune defense
40
acquired immunity
second type of immune defense
41
immunity
numerous body dfenses
42
innate immune system
type of immunity that begins functioning at birth
43
nonspecific
aka. innate immune system
44
first-line barriers
keep pathogens from entering the body, include; skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva, gastric secretions
45
second-line barriers
stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry include; phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammation
46
acquired (adaptive) immunity
develops only after birth in an immunocompetent individual and is a lifelong monitoring system
47
specific
aka; acquired (adaptive) immunity
48
macrophages
when monocytes enter tissue spaces and become highly phagocytic
49
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
macrophage becomes this
50
dendritic cells
specialized macrophages
51
aden/o
gland
52
agglutin/o
clumping, gluing
53
blast/o
embryonic cell
54
chrom/o
color
55
erythr/o
red
56
granlu/o
granule
57
hem/o
blood
58
hemat/o
blood
59
immun/o
immunity, immune
60
leuk/o
white
61
lymphaden/o
lymph gland (node)
62
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
63
lymph/o
lymph
64
morph/o
form, shape, structure
65
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
66
nucle/o
nucleus
67
phag/o
swallowing, eating
68
poikil/o
varied, irregular
69
ser/o
serum
70
sider/o
iron
71
splen/o
spleen
72
thromb/o
blood clot
73
thym/o
thymus gland
74
-blast
embryonic cell
75
-globin
protein
76
-penia
decrease, deficiency
77
-phil
attraction for
78
-phylaxis
protection
79
-poiesis
formation, production
80
-stasis
standing still
81
aniso-
unequal, dissimilar
82
hypersensitivites
heightened immune response
83
immunodeficicencies
depressed responses
84
autoimmunity
response where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue
85
hematology
studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms
86
hematologist
specialize in blood cells
87
allergy and immunology
involves disorders of immune system; including asthma and anaphylaxis (called allergists and immunologists)
88
anemia (erythropenia, erythroctyopenia)
deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the RBCs (hypochromia)
89
hemaglobinopathy
defective hemoglobin molecule
90
hemolyze
break apart
91
sickle cell crisis
tissue distal to the blockage undergoes ischemia, resulting in severe pain
92
aplastic (hypoplastic)
serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow
93
folic acid deficiency anemia
inability to produce sufficient RBCs due to lack of folic acid
94
hemolytic
destruction of RBCs commonly resulting in jaundice
95
iron-deficiency anemia
lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
96
pernicious anemia (PA)
chronic, progressive anemia, mostly found in people older than 50
97
sickle cell anemia
inherited anemia causes RBCs to become crescent-or-sickle shaped
98
allergy
an acquired abnormal immune response
99
sensitization
initial exposure
100
antigen
allergen
101
urticaria
hives
102
anaphylaxis
life-threatening condition
103
immunotherapy, biotherapy
allergy shots
104
autoantigens
bodys own antigens found on cells and tissues
105
autoimmune disease
destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual
106
autoantibodies
immune system produces this
107
multisystemic
affect many organs and systems
108
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
109
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
110
exacerbations
flare-ups
111
remission
latencies
112
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus that destroys CD4 cells of immune system to such an extent
113
coagulation disorders
any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding
114
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off supply of O2 to distal tissue, = damage to body organ
115
hemophillia
congenital hereditary disorders characterized by deficiency in clotting factor VII or factor IX, aka bleeders disease
116
thrombocytopenia
abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increase destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, liver
117
graft rejection
process in which a recipient's immune system identifies the transplanted graft as "foreign" and attacks or destroys it
118
graft-versus-host disease
complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant
119
hemoglobinopathy
any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
120
infectious mononucleosis
acute infectious disease caused by EBV that primarily affects young adults and children
121
kaposi sarcoma (KS)
cancer caused by HHV-8 that mainly affects the skin and mucous membrane; aka malignant neoplasm of soft tissue
122
lymphedema
swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph with thin tissues caused by obstruction
123
lymphoma
any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B &T cells) that commonly affects lymph node as and other lymphatic tissue
124
hodgkin (HL)
malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes
125
non-hodgkin (NHL)
any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternbeg
126
multiple myeloma
malignancy of bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies
127
sepsis
presence of bacteria or their toxins in blood; aka septicemia or blood poisioning
128
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, joints, aka discord lupus
129
thrombocythemia
over production of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformation
130
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual's own body cells (autoantibodies)
131
blood culture
test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
132
complete blood count (CBC)
series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, differential (diff) count; also called hemogram
133
monospot
nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis
134
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
135
prothrombin time (PT)
test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time
136
bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma
137
lymphangiography
visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system
138
lymphoscintigraphy
introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstruction, and locate the sentinel node
139
bone marrow aspiration
removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle
140
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant
141
lymphadenectomy
removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer
142
sentinel node excision
removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells
143
immunotherapy
any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body's own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy
144
immunoglobulin (IG) therapy
treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes
145
plasmapheresis
dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient's plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor
146
transfusion
infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)
147
anticoagulants
prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis
148
antifibrinolytics
neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots
149
antimicrobials
destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle
150
antiretrovirals
prevent replication of viruses within host cells
151
immunosuppressants
decrease inflammation by suppressing the body's natural immune response
152
thrombolytics
dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
153
AB, Ab, ab
antibody, abortion
154
A, B, AB, O
blood types in ABO blood group
155
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
156
ANA
antinuclear antibody
157
APC
antigen-presenting cell
158
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
159
BMT
bone marrow transplant
160
CBC
complete blood count
161
CO2
carbon dioxide
162
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
163
diff
differential count (white blood cells)
164
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
165
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
166
GVHD
graft-versus-host disease
167
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
168
HHV-8
human herpes virus 8
169
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
170
HL
Hodgkin lymphoma
171
Ig
immunoglobulin
172
IVIG
intravenous immunoglobulin
173
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
174
MNL
mononuclear leukocytes
175
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
176
NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
177
NK cell
natural killer cell
178
O2
oxygen
179
PA
pernicious anemia
180
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician
181
PMN
polymorphonuclear
182
PMNL, poly
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
183
PT
prothrombin time, physical therapy
184
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
185
RA
right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis
186
RBC, rbc
red blood cell
187
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
188
WBC, wbc
white blood cell
