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MEDPT 173 > Chapter 9- Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

antibody

A

protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance

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2
Q

antigen

A

substance, recognized as harmful to the hose, that stimulates formation of antibodies in immunocompetent

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3
Q

bile pigment

A

substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

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4
Q

cytokine

A

chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, and increase or decrease activity in other cells

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5
Q

dendric cell

A

specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents to components of immune

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6
Q

immunocompetent

A

possessing the ability to develop an immune response

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7
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt

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8
Q

plasma

A

liquid medium in connective tissue

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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10
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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11
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

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12
Q

hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

development of blood cells into their mature forms

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13
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC development

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14
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hbg)

A

specialized iron-containing compound

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15
Q

hemosideren

A

hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound

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16
Q

white blood cells

A

protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in healing process

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

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18
Q

granulocytes

A

presence of granules in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

agranulocytes

A

absence of granules in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLS, poly)

A

nuclei of mature granulocytes are so deeply lobed, especially in neutrophils, that these cells appear to have multiple nuclei

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21
Q

mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)

A

agranulocytes most commonly known as this

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22
Q

neutrophil

A

first cell to arrive, provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis and dies as a result of phagocytosis

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23
Q

eosinophil

A

combats multicellular parasites, control mechanisms associated with allergies

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24
Q

basophil

A

initiates inflammation

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25
Q

lymphocytes

A

provides acquired (specific) immunity

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26
Q

monocytes

A

performs mildly phagocytic function, becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues

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27
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

smallest formed elements in the blood

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28
Q

thromboplastin

A

substance that initiates clot formation

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29
Q

fibrinogen

A

a soluble blood protein

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30
Q

hemostasis

A

impediment of blood flow

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31
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

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32
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended

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33
Q

plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen

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34
Q

blood serum

A

a product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma

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35
Q

lymph

A

fluid

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36
Q

lymph vessels

A

network of transporting vessels

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37
Q

lymph capillaries

A

closed-ended microscopic vessels

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38
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing organisms

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39
Q

innate immunity

A

first type of immune defense

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40
Q

acquired immunity

A

second type of immune defense

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41
Q

immunity

A

numerous body dfenses

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42
Q

innate immune system

A

type of immunity that begins functioning at birth

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43
Q

nonspecific

A

aka. innate immune system

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44
Q

first-line barriers

A

keep pathogens from entering the body, include; skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva, gastric secretions

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45
Q

second-line barriers

A

stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry include; phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammation

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46
Q

acquired (adaptive) immunity

A

develops only after birth in an immunocompetent individual and is a lifelong monitoring system

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47
Q

specific

A

aka; acquired (adaptive) immunity

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48
Q

macrophages

A

when monocytes enter tissue spaces and become highly phagocytic

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49
Q

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

macrophage becomes this

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50
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized macrophages

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51
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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52
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

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53
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic cell

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54
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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55
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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56
Q

granlu/o

A

granule

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57
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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58
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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59
Q

immun/o

A

immunity, immune

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60
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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61
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

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62
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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63
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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64
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

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65
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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66
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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67
Q

phag/o

A

swallowing, eating

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68
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

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69
Q

ser/o

A

serum

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70
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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71
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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72
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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73
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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74
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

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75
Q

-globin

A

protein

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76
Q

-penia

A

decrease, deficiency

77
Q

-phil

A

attraction for

78
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

79
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

80
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

81
Q

aniso-

A

unequal, dissimilar

82
Q

hypersensitivites

A

heightened immune response

83
Q

immunodeficicencies

A

depressed responses

84
Q

autoimmunity

A

response where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue

85
Q

hematology

A

studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms

86
Q

hematologist

A

specialize in blood cells

87
Q

allergy and immunology

A

involves disorders of immune system; including asthma and anaphylaxis (called allergists and immunologists)

88
Q

anemia (erythropenia, erythroctyopenia)

A

deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the RBCs (hypochromia)

89
Q

hemaglobinopathy

A

defective hemoglobin molecule

90
Q

hemolyze

A

break apart

91
Q

sickle cell crisis

A

tissue distal to the blockage undergoes ischemia, resulting in severe pain

92
Q

aplastic (hypoplastic)

A

serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow

93
Q

folic acid deficiency anemia

A

inability to produce sufficient RBCs due to lack of folic acid

94
Q

hemolytic

A

destruction of RBCs commonly resulting in jaundice

95
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

lack of sufficient iron in RBCs

96
Q

pernicious anemia (PA)

A

chronic, progressive anemia, mostly found in people older than 50

97
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

inherited anemia causes RBCs to become crescent-or-sickle shaped

98
Q

allergy

A

an acquired abnormal immune response

99
Q

sensitization

A

initial exposure

100
Q

antigen

101
Q

urticaria

102
Q

anaphylaxis

A

life-threatening condition

103
Q

immunotherapy, biotherapy

A

allergy shots

104
Q

autoantigens

A

bodys own antigens found on cells and tissues

105
Q

autoimmune disease

A

destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual

106
Q

autoantibodies

A

immune system produces this

107
Q

multisystemic

A

affect many organs and systems

108
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

109
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

110
Q

exacerbations

111
Q

remission

112
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus that destroys CD4 cells of immune system to such an extent

113
Q

coagulation disorders

A

any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

114
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off supply of O2 to distal tissue, = damage to body organ

115
Q

hemophillia

A

congenital hereditary disorders characterized by deficiency in clotting factor VII or factor IX, aka bleeders disease

116
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increase destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, liver

117
Q

graft rejection

A

process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it

118
Q

graft-versus-host disease

A

complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant

119
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

120
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute infectious disease caused by EBV that primarily affects young adults and children

121
Q

kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

cancer caused by HHV-8 that mainly affects the skin and mucous membrane; aka malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

122
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph with thin tissues caused by obstruction

123
Q

lymphoma

A

any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B &T cells) that commonly affects lymph node as and other lymphatic tissue

124
Q

hodgkin (HL)

A

malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes

125
Q

non-hodgkin (NHL)

A

any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternbeg

126
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignancy of bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies

127
Q

sepsis

A

presence of bacteria or their toxins in blood; aka septicemia or blood poisioning

128
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, joints, aka discord lupus

129
Q

thrombocythemia

A

over production of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformation

130
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

A

test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies)

131
Q

blood culture

A

test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

132
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

133
Q

monospot

A

nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

134
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

135
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

136
Q

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

137
Q

lymphangiography

A

visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

138
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstruction, and locate the sentinel node

139
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle

140
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

141
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

142
Q

sentinel node excision

A

removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

143
Q

immunotherapy

A

any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

144
Q

immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

A

treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes

145
Q

plasmapheresis

A

dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor

146
Q

transfusion

A

infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

147
Q

anticoagulants

A

prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis

148
Q

antifibrinolytics

A

neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots

149
Q

antimicrobials

A

destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

150
Q

antiretrovirals

A

prevent replication of viruses within host cells

151
Q

immunosuppressants

A

decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response

152
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

153
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A

antibody, abortion

154
Q

A, B, AB, O

A

blood types in ABO blood group

155
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

156
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

157
Q

APC

A

antigen-presenting cell

158
Q

APTT

A

activated partial thromboplastin time

159
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

160
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

161
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

162
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

163
Q

diff

A

differential count (white blood cells)

164
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

165
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

166
Q

GVHD

A

graft-versus-host disease

167
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

168
Q

HHV-8

A

human herpes virus 8

169
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

170
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

171
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

172
Q

IVIG

A

intravenous immunoglobulin

173
Q

KS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

174
Q

MNL

A

mononuclear leukocytes

175
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

176
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

177
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

178
Q

O2

179
Q

PA

A

pernicious anemia

180
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

181
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear

182
Q

PMNL, poly

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

183
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time, physical therapy

184
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

185
Q

RA

A

right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

186
Q

RBC, rbc

A

red blood cell

187
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

188
Q

WBC, wbc

A

white blood cell

MEDPT 173 (21 decks)

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