Chapter 4- Body Structure Flashcards
Five levels of Organization
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- organism
3 main structures:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
cell membrane
acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents
cytoplasm
jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients (located within the cell membrane)
organelles
inside the cytoplasm and are specialized structures
Epithelial tissue
covers surfaces of organs, line cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands and makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin
Connective tissue
supports and connects other body tissues, there are various types: cartilage, adipose (fat) bone, elastic fiber, and blood
Muscle tissue
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
Nervous tissue
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
histology
study of tissues
chromatin
forms chromosomes
chromosomes
carry thousands of genes that make u our genetic blueprint
organs
body structures that perform specialized functions; composed of two or more tissue types (ex: stomach contains all 4 types)
system:
composed of varying number of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
Gastrointestinal system includes
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon; accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
organism
highest level of organization
anatomical position
person stand erect, facing forward, arms at side of the body with palms of hands turned forward with feet parallel to each other
plane
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
coronal (frontal)
divides the body into an anterior and posterior section
transverse (horizontal)
divides the body into top and bottom sections
midsagittal plane
runs through the center of the body into right and left halves
abduction
movement away front the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
adduction
movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
medial
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
lateral
pertaining to a side
superior (cephalad)
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
inferior (caudal)
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
distal
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of body cavity
viseral
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
prone
lying on the abdomen, face down
supine
lying horizontally on the back, face up
inversion
turning inward or inside out
eversion
turning outward
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
superficial
toward the surface of the body (external)
deep
away from the surface of the body (internal)
Dorsal cavity
located on the back of the body (posterior)
ventral cavity
located on the front of the body (anterior)
cranial cavity
formed by the skull, contains the brain
spinal cavity
formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord
meninges
membranes that line these cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord
diaphragm
muscular wall that seperates the throacic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
contains the lungs and heart
abdominopelvic cavity
divides into the abdominal and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
contains liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
pelvic cavity
positioned inferior to the abdominal cavity and contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
RUQ
right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestine
LUQ
left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestine
RLQ
part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter
LLQ
part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
Regions
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric
Left inguinal (iliac)
Right hypochondriac
upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
epigastric
upper middle region
left hypochrondriac
upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
right lumbar
middle right lateral region
umbilical
region of the naval
left lumbar
middle left lateral region
right inguinal (iliac)
lower right lateral region
hypograstric
lower middle region
left inguinal (iliac)
lower left lateral region
Divisions
cervical (neck)
thoracic (chest)
lumbar (loin)
sacral (lower back)
coccyx (tailbone)
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
kary/o
nucleus
nucle/o
nucleus
-logist
specialist
-lysis
death
anter/o
anterior, front
caud/o
tail
cephal/o
head
dist/o
far, farthest
dors/o
back (of body)
infer/o
lower, below
later/o
side, to one side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back, behind, posterior
proxim/o
near, nearest
ventr/o
belly, belly side
albin/o
white
leuk/o
white
chrom/o
color
cirrh/o
yellow
jaund/o
yellow
xanth/o
yellow
cyan/o
blue
erythr/o
red
melan/o
black
poli/o
grey; gray matter
-ior
pertaining to
-ad
toward
-al
pertaining to
-ism
condition
-ic
pertaining to
-ice
skin
-tic
pertaining to
-myelitis
bone marrow; inflammation
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius
tom/o
to cut
viscer/o
internal organs
-ar
pertaining to
-graphy
process of recording
infra-
below, under
peri-
around
super-
upper, above
ultra-
excess, beyond
homeostasis
stable internal environment
disease
when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or system are unable to function
pathological/morbid
conditions that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings
signs
objective indicators that are observable
symptom
subjective indicator of disease
diagnosis
cause and nature of a disease and helps in selection of treatment (Tx)
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
idiopathic disease
one whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of lymph
febrile
having or showing symptoms of a fever
gangrene
death and decay of soft tissue, cause by circulatory obstruction or infection
hernia
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
inflammation
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
mycosis
any fungal infection in or on the body
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds abdominal cavity, bacteria
rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood (sepsis/blood poisoning)
suppuration
process of forming pus
auscultation
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope ot assess the presence and quality of sounds
inspection
general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body area
palpation
gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry
percussion
tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
blood chemistry analysis
laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalance, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
complete blood count (CBC)
broad screening test to evaluate RBC, WBC, and platelets to determine anemia, infection, etc.
computed tomography (CT)
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures intensity of transmit rays
fluoroscopy
technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
use radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue
nuclear scan
radioactive material caused a tracer is introduced into the body and a specialized camera produces images of organs and structures
positron emission tomography
records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues
radiography
x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate image (x-ray)
single-photon emission computed tomography
integrates CT and radioactive material injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
ultrasonography
directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal structure
biopsy (bx)
removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination
excisional
biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
incisional
biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
albation
removal of body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments allow flow from one to another
curettage
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette
electrocauterization
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
incision and drainage
incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
laser surgery
use of high-intensity last light beam to remove diseased tissues,t o stop bleeding, or cosmetic purposes
revision
surgical puncture used to replace or effect of a previous surgery
AP
anteroposterior
Bx, bx
biopsy
CBC
complete blood count
CT
computed tomography
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Dx
diagnosis
I &D
incision and drainage
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
PET
positron emission tomography
RF
rheumatoid factor, radio frequency
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
Sx
symptoms
Tx
treatment
U&L U/L
upper and lower
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
