Chapter 4- Body Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Five levels of Organization
A
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- organism
2
Q
3 main structures:
A
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
3
Q
cell membrane
A
acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents
4
Q
cytoplasm
A
jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients (located within the cell membrane)
5
Q
organelles
A
inside the cytoplasm and are specialized structures
6
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
covers surfaces of organs, line cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands and makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin
7
Q
Connective tissue
A
supports and connects other body tissues, there are various types: cartilage, adipose (fat) bone, elastic fiber, and blood
8
Q
Muscle tissue
A
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
9
Q
Nervous tissue
A
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
10
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
11
Q
chromatin
A
forms chromosomes
12
Q
chromosomes
A
carry thousands of genes that make u our genetic blueprint
13
Q
organs
A
body structures that perform specialized functions; composed of two or more tissue types (ex: stomach contains all 4 types)
14
Q
system:
A
composed of varying number of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
15
Q
Gastrointestinal system includes
A
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon; accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
16
Q
organism
A
highest level of organization
17
Q
anatomical position
A
person stand erect, facing forward, arms at side of the body with palms of hands turned forward with feet parallel to each other
18
Q
plane
A
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
19
Q
coronal (frontal)
A
divides the body into an anterior and posterior section
20
Q
transverse (horizontal)
A
divides the body into top and bottom sections
21
Q
midsagittal plane
A
runs through the center of the body into right and left halves
22
Q
abduction
A
movement away front the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
23
Q
adduction
A
movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
24
Q
medial
A
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
25
lateral
pertaining to a side
26
superior (cephalad)
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
27
inferior (caudal)
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
28
proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
29
distal
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
30
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
31
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
32
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of body cavity
33
viseral
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
34
prone
lying on the abdomen, face down
35
supine
lying horizontally on the back, face up
36
inversion
turning inward or inside out
37
eversion
turning outward
38
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
39
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
40
superficial
toward the surface of the body (external)
41
deep
away from the surface of the body (internal)
42
Dorsal cavity
located on the back of the body (posterior)
43
ventral cavity
located on the front of the body (anterior)
44
cranial cavity
formed by the skull, contains the brain
45
spinal cavity
formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord
46
meninges
membranes that line these cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord
47
diaphragm
muscular wall that seperates the throacic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
48
thoracic cavity
contains the lungs and heart
49
abdominopelvic cavity
divides into the abdominal and pelvic cavity
50
abdominal cavity
contains liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
51
pelvic cavity
positioned inferior to the abdominal cavity and contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
52
RUQ
right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestine
53
LUQ
left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestine
54
RLQ
part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter
55
LLQ
part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
56
Regions
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric
Left inguinal (iliac)
57
Right hypochondriac
upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
58
epigastric
upper middle region
59
left hypochrondriac
upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
60
right lumbar
middle right lateral region
61
umbilical
region of the naval
62
left lumbar
middle left lateral region
63
right inguinal (iliac)
lower right lateral region
64
hypograstric
lower middle region
65
left inguinal (iliac)
lower left lateral region
66
Divisions
cervical (neck)
thoracic (chest)
lumbar (loin)
sacral (lower back)
coccyx (tailbone)
67
cyt/o
cell
68
hist/o
tissue
69
kary/o
nucleus
70
nucle/o
nucleus
71
-logist
specialist
72
-lysis
death
73
anter/o
anterior, front
74
caud/o
tail
75
cephal/o
head
76
dist/o
far, farthest
77
dors/o
back (of body)
78
infer/o
lower, below
79
later/o
side, to one side
80
medi/o
middle
81
poster/o
back, behind, posterior
82
proxim/o
near, nearest
83
ventr/o
belly, belly side
84
albin/o
white
85
leuk/o
white
86
chrom/o
color
87
cirrh/o
yellow
88
jaund/o
yellow
89
xanth/o
yellow
90
cyan/o
blue
91
erythr/o
red
92
melan/o
black
93
poli/o
grey; gray matter
94
-ior
pertaining to
95
-ad
toward
96
-al
pertaining to
97
-ism
condition
98
-ic
pertaining to
99
-ice
skin
100
-tic
pertaining to
101
-myelitis
bone marrow; inflammation
102
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius
103
tom/o
to cut
104
viscer/o
internal organs
105
-ar
pertaining to
106
-graphy
process of recording
107
infra-
below, under
108
peri-
around
109
super-
upper, above
110
ultra-
excess, beyond
111
homeostasis
stable internal environment
112
disease
when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or system are unable to function
113
pathological/morbid
conditions that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings
114
signs
objective indicators that are observable
115
symptom
subjective indicator of disease
116
diagnosis
cause and nature of a disease and helps in selection of treatment (Tx)
117
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
118
idiopathic disease
one whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
119
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
120
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of lymph
121
febrile
having or showing symptoms of a fever
122
gangrene
death and decay of soft tissue, cause by circulatory obstruction or infection
123
hernia
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
124
inflammation
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
125
mycosis
any fungal infection in or on the body
126
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
127
peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds abdominal cavity, bacteria
128
rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
129
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood (sepsis/blood poisoning)
130
suppuration
process of forming pus
131
auscultation
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope ot assess the presence and quality of sounds
132
inspection
general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body area
133
palpation
gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry
134
percussion
tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids
135
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
136
blood chemistry analysis
laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalance, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
137
complete blood count (CBC)
broad screening test to evaluate RBC, WBC, and platelets to determine anemia, infection, etc.
138
computed tomography (CT)
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures intensity of transmit rays
139
fluoroscopy
technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures
140
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
use radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue
141
nuclear scan
radioactive material caused a tracer is introduced into the body and a specialized camera produces images of organs and structures
142
positron emission tomography
records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues
143
radiography
x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate image (x-ray)
144
single-photon emission computed tomography
integrates CT and radioactive material injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
145
ultrasonography
directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal structure
146
biopsy (bx)
removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination
147
excisional
biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
148
incisional
biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
149
albation
removal of body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
150
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments allow flow from one to another
151
curettage
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette
152
electrocauterization
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
153
incision and drainage
incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
154
laser surgery
use of high-intensity last light beam to remove diseased tissues,t o stop bleeding, or cosmetic purposes
155
revision
surgical puncture used to replace or effect of a previous surgery
156
AP
anteroposterior
157
Bx, bx
biopsy
158
CBC
complete blood count
159
CT
computed tomography
160
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
161
Dx
diagnosis
162
I &D
incision and drainage
163
LAT, lat
lateral
164
LLQ
left lower quadrant
165
LUQ
left upper quadrant
166
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
167
PET
positron emission tomography
168
RF
rheumatoid factor, radio frequency
169
RLQ
right lower quadrant
170
RUQ
right upper quadrant
171
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
172
Sx
symptoms
173
Tx
treatment
174
U&L U/L
upper and lower
175
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
