Chapter 6- Digestive System Flashcards
gastrointestinal system
digestive system
bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells
bolus
mass of masticated food ready for swallowing
exocrine
type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of organ and vessel
sphincter
circular bond of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of a body
triglycerideas
organic compound, true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
oral cavity
mouth
bucca
cheeks
mastication
mechanically breakdown food
dentin
beneath enamel (main structure)
pulp
inner most part
gingiva
gums
deglutition
swallowing
papillae
rough projections on teeth
hard palate
anterior portion
soft palate
posterior portion
pharynx
throat
uvula
soft, fleshy, v-shaped structure
trachea
leads into the lungs
esophagus
leads into the stomach
epiglottis
small flap of cartilage to cover taechea during swallowing
stomach
saclike structure located in LUQ of abdominal cavity
duodenum
first part of small intestine
body
large central portion of stomach
fundus
upper portion (mainly storage area)
pylorus
where digestion takes place
rugae
interior lining of the stomach
chyme
semiliquid
pyloric sphincter
chyme goes through
peristaisis
rhythmic muscle contractions
duodenum
uppermost segment small intestine
jejunum
second segment of small intestine
ileum
last segment of small intestine
pancreas and liver
additional enzymes and secretions
villi
where nutrients from chyme are absorbed
cecum
small puch that hangs inferior to ileocecal valve
appendix
small, wormlike structure with no apparent function
ascending colon
extends from cecum to lower border of the liver and forms the hepatic flexure
transverse colon
left side curving beneath the lower end of the spleen to form splenic flexure
descending colon
downward from transverse colon (forms sigmoid colon and rectum
organs of digestive system
tongue, hard and soft palates, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory organs of digestive system
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
liver
largest glandular orang in body; located beneath diaphragm in RUQ and LUQ
function of liver
produce bile, aids in digestion of fat, removing glucose from the blood to synthesize glycogen and retain for alter use, storing vitamin B12, A, D, E and K, destroying old erythrocytes releasing bilirubin
pancreas
lies posterior and slightly inferior to stomach
pancreatic duct
extends along pancreas and together with the hepatic duct from the liver, aid in digesting triglycerides
gallbladder
saclike structure on inferior surface of the liver
common bile duct
bile travels through when needed for digestion; bile also drained from liver through right hapetic duct and left hepatic duct
cystic duct
merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
bucc/o
cheek
cheil/o
lip
labi/o
lip
dent/o
teeth
odont/o
teeth
gingiv/o
gums
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
esophag/o
esophagus
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
gastr/o
stomach
pylor/o
pylorus
duoden/o
deodenum
enter/o
intestine
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
-ectomy
excision or removal
-plasty
surgical repair
lith
stone
tonsil
tonsils
-scope
instrument for examining
-spasm
involuntary contraction
-algia
pain
-rrhaphy
suture of jejunum
-stomy
forming an opening
rect/o
rectum
proct/o
anus, rectum
an/o
anus
hepat/o
liver
pancreat/o
pancreas
cholongi/o
bile vessel
chol/e
bile, fall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
bile duct
-emesis
vomit
-iasis
abnormal condition
-megaly
enlargement
-orexia
appetite
-phagia
swallowing, eating
-pepsia
digestion
-prandial
meal
-rrhea
discharge, flow
dia-
through, across
peri-
around
sub-
under, below
asymptomatic
no symptoms
gastroenterology
branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases
gastroenterologist
specialize in diagnosis and treatment
ulder
circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
helicobacter pylori
common cause of PUD
perforation
a hole
peritonities
inflammation of peritoneum
hernia
protrusion of any organ, tissue, structure through the wall of the cavity
visceria
abdominal organs
inguinal hernia
develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
strangulated hernia
caused by blood supply cut off, can cause necrosis with gangrene
umbilical hearnia
protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel
congenital
occur in newborns
hernioplasty
surgical repair of the hernia
herniorrhaphy
suture of abdominal wall
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital disorder
hiatal hernia
lower part of esophagus and top of stomach
hiatus
opening in diaphragm
GERD
gastrointestinal reflux disease
infectious hepatitis
hep A-ingestion of contaminated food
serum hepatitis
hep B
parenteral
blood transfusion and sexual contact
jaundice
yellowing of skin and sclera
bilirubin
yellow compound formed during destruction of erythrocytes
diverticulosis
condition in which diverticula develop in the inner lining of the large intestine
diverticula
blister-like pockets
diverticulitis
inflammation of sigmoid colon (LLQ)
obstipation
extreme constipation
gastric odenocarcinoma
cancerous glandular tumor
colorectal
most common type of intestinal cancer
anorexia
lack or loss of appetite, resulting int he inability to eat
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction
ascities
abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal caivty, result of chronic liver disease, neoplasm
borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises that audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas
cachexia
physical wasting; loss of weight an dmuscle mass and associated with acquired immune deficiency
cholelithiasis
presence or formation of gallstones in gallbladder
cirrhosis
scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
crohn disease
IBD, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; regional enteritis
dysentery
inflammation of intestine (colon) maybe caused by ingesting H2O or food containing chemical irritants
flatus
gas in the GI tract; expelling air from a body orifice, especially the anus
GERD
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as result of malfunction of sphincter muscle
halitosis
foul-smelling breath
hematemesis
vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
hemorrhoids
swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal
intestinal obstruction
mechanical or functional blockage of intestine that occurs when contents cannot move forward
IBS
symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function; spastic colon
malabsorption syndrome
symptom complex of small intestine characterized by impaired passage of nutrients
melena
dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
obesity
excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body’s skeletal and physical standards, increase 20%
morbid
obesity in which BMI >40 and generally 100 lbs more over ideal body weight
oral leukoplakia
formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of tongue, lips
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
pyloric stenosis
stricture or narrowing of pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory disease of colon; beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon
gastrointestinal
visual examination of gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument to identify abnormalities
hepatitis panel
panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus (ABC) using antibodies to each of these antigens
liver function test
group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions associated with biliary tract
serum bilirubin
measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
stool culture
test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing gastrointestinal infection
stool guaiac
test that applies a substance (guaiac) to stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in feces
lower gastrointestinal series
radiographic images of rectum and colon following administration of barium into rectum
oral cholecystography
radiographic images taken of gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine
MRI
technique uses radio waves and strong magnetic field; highly detailed, multiplanar
MRCP
produce detailed images of hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems
abdominal
ultrasound visualization of abdomine, aorata, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pacreas, kidneys, ureters
endoscopic
combination of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of digestive tract
UGIS
radiographic images of the esophagous, stomach, and small intestine following oral adminstration of barium
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
ileorectal
surgical connection of ileum and rectum after total colectomy
intestinal
surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
appendectomy
excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure
appy-open
excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the RLQ of the abdomen
appy-laproscopic
minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring image
bariatric surgery
group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
bariatric-vertical banded
vertical stapling of upper stomach near esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch; insertion of band
bariatric-RGB
stapling of stomach to and the size and shortening jejunum and connecting to small intestine; Y configuration
colostomy
forms an opening by drawing the healthy end of colon through incision in anterior abdominal wall and suturing
lithotripsy
procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
ESWL
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder of biliary ducts
paracentesis
procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through belly
polypectomy
excision of polyp
nasogastric intubation
insertion of nasogastric tube into stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, etc.
antacids
counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach
antidiarrheals
control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
antiemetics
control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain
antispasmodics
decrease gastrointestinal (GI) spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughout the GI tract
histamine-2 (H2) blockers
inhibit secretion of stomach acid from the gastric cells by blocking the H2 receptor
laxatives
treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte section into the bowel induce defecation
proton pump inhibitors
suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Ba
barium
BaE, BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BMI
body mass index
CT
computed tomography
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)
GBS
gallbladder series
GER
gastroesophageal reflux
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HDV
hepatitis D virus
HEV
hepatitis E virus
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
LFT
liver function test
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRCP
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
NG
nasogastric
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OCG
oral cholecystography
PE
physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
R/O
rule out
RGB
roux-en-Y gastric bypass
RUQ
right upper quadrant
UGIS
upper gastrointestinal series
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
