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MEDPT 173 > Chapter 8- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that pump blood O2, nutrients, and other products to the heart and body

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2
Q

capillaries

A

smaller vessels off of the arteries that are microscopic

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3
Q

veins

A

combination of venules

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4
Q

venules

A

larger blood vessels that are formed by merge of capillaries

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5
Q

leaflets

A

flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

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6
Q

lumen

A

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within artery, vein, intestine

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7
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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8
Q

sphincters

A

circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substance

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9
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow; usually result of diseases and medications

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10
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of vascular walls

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11
Q

viscosity

A

thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

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12
Q

tunica externa

A

outer coat, composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility

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13
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer, composed of smooth muscle; muscle can alter the size of the lumen of vessel and when it contracts it causes vasoconstriction (decrease blood flow); when it relaxes it causes vasodilation (increase in blood flow)

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14
Q

tunica intima

A

thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of epithelial cells that provide a smooth surface on inside of the vessel

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15
Q

pulse

A

surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart

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16
Q

oxygen

A

arterial blood (except pulmonary artery) contains high concentration

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17
Q

arterioles

A

smaller arteries where oxygenated blood travels

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18
Q

valves

A

small structures within veins that prevent backflow of blood

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19
Q

pericardium

A

enclosed sac around the heart

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20
Q

endocardium

A

serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium or arteries and veins

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21
Q

myocardium

A

muscular layer of the heart

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22
Q

epicardium

A

outermost layer of the heart

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23
Q

right atrium

A

upper chamber; collect blood

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24
Q

left atrium

A

upper chamber; collect blood

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25
Q

right ventricle

A

lower chamber; pump blood

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26
Q

left ventricle

A

lower chamber; pump blood

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27
Q

RV pump blood

A

to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) for oxygenation

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28
Q

LV pumps oxygenated blood

A

to the entire body (systemic circulation)

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29
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects and carries blood from the upper body

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30
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collects and carries blood from the lower body

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31
Q

tricuspid valve

A

RA to this consists of 3 leaflets to RV

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32
Q

left and right pulmonary artery

A

blood leaves RV to these and travels to the lungs

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33
Q

pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve

A

prevents regurgitation of blood into RV from pulmonary artery

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34
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

structure consisting of two leaflets blood passes through LV to this

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35
Q

aorta

A

largest artery of the body; containing the aortic semilunar valve

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36
Q

aortic semilunar valve (aorta valve)

A

permits blood flow in only one direction-LV to aorta

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37
Q

right coronary artery

A

vascularize right side of heart

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38
Q

left coronary artery

A

vascularize left side of heart; divided into two branches: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

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39
Q

conduction tissue

A

specialized cardiac tissue

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40
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

located in upper portion of RA and possesses own intrinsic rhytm

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41
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

causes atria to contract

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42
Q

bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

conduction fibers, relays impulse to purkinje fibers

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43
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

extended up ventricle wall

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44
Q

pacemaker

A

aka SA node

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45
Q

electrocardiograph

A

impulses recorded on graph paper through this instrument

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46
Q

P wave

A

depolarization (contraction) of the atria

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47
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

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48
Q

T wave

A

repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

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49
Q

systole

A

contraction phase when blood is forced out of the heart

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50
Q

diastole

A

relaxation when ventricles fill up with blood

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51
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures BP

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52
Q

aneurysm/o

A

aneurysm (widening blood vessel)

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53
Q

angi/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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54
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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55
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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56
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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57
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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58
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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59
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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60
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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61
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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62
Q

electr/o

A

electricy

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63
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (plug)

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64
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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65
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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66
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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67
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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68
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white eye)

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69
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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70
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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71
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing, stricture

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72
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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73
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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74
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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75
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of heart of brain)

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76
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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77
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing stricture

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78
Q

brady-

A

slow

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79
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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80
Q

extra-

A

outside

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81
Q

peri-

A

around

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82
Q

trans-

A

across

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83
Q

cardiologist

A

diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders

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84
Q

cardiology

A

medical specialty concerned with disorders of cardiovascular diseases

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85
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that cause them to become thickened and brittle restricting the flow of blood to tissues and organs

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86
Q

atheroma

A

plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris

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87
Q

thrombus

A

formation of a clot that travel though vascular system

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88
Q

infarction

A

localized tissue death

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89
Q

ischemia

A

localized tissue anemia

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90
Q

angina

A

chest pain and tightness

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91
Q

diaphoresis

A

excessive sweating

92
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of body

93
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

94
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

elevated level of fatty substances in the blood

95
Q

statins

A

slow down and reverse fat build up

96
Q

antihypertensives

A

control blood pressure

97
Q

anticoagulants

A

reduce thrombus formation

98
Q

angioplasty

A

repairing affected vessels

99
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of fatty deposits from inside artery

100
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to myocardium

101
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to myocardium

102
Q

necrosis

A

death of tissue or muscle

103
Q

myocardial infarction

A

is combined of muscle and myocardium

104
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of inner lining of the heart and valves

105
Q

infective endocarditis

A

caused by bacteria

106
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of mitral valve

107
Q

vegetations

A

valves

108
Q

mitral valve insufficiency

A

mitral valve does not close properly

109
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow into the atrium

110
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgery to correct damaged valves

111
Q

bioprosthetic

A

mechanical device

112
Q

prophylactic treatment

A

antibiotic treatment to protect against infection

113
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins

114
Q

incompetent

A

do not function properly

115
Q

varices

A

esophagus

116
Q

hemorrhoids

A

rectum

117
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein

118
Q

endovenous ablation

A

destroying tissue within the vein

119
Q

radiofrequency ablation

A

treatment that employ lasers, heat

120
Q

cryoalbation

A

extreme cold treatment

121
Q

sclerotherapy

A

chemical treatment

122
Q

myxoma

A

mucous connective tissue

123
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the lungs

124
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

125
Q

primary tumor

A

malignancy originating in another area of the body

126
Q

metastasizes

A

spreading

127
Q

malignant melanoma

A

darkly pigmented mole or tumor

128
Q

aneurysm

A

localized abnormal diffusion of a vessel, usually an artery

129
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to myocaridum

130
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; aka dysrhythmia

131
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate, usually <60 BPM

132
Q

fibrillation

A

abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles

133
Q

heart block

A

interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to Purkinje fibers

134
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast but regular rhythm up to <200 BPM

135
Q

bruit

A

soft, blowing sound heart on auscultation and associated valvular action, movement of blood as it pass obstruction

136
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardial function

137
Q

coarction

A

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

138
Q

embolism

A

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of body and causes a blockage in another area

139
Q

heart failure

A

disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

140
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

141
Q

hypertension

A

elevated BP persistently higher than 140/90 mmHg

142
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mmHg

143
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural defect in which mitral valve leaflets prolapse in LA during ventricular constraction

144
Q

palpation

A

sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

145
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

common circulatory disorder characterized by reduced flow of blood to extremeties

146
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs; most commonly legs

147
Q

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever; causing permanent scarring on heart valves

148
Q

syncope

A

partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to brain; aka fainting

149
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

150
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially in legs or thighs; aka deep venous thrombosis

151
Q

electrocardiography

A

procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small electrodes

152
Q

holter monitor test

A

procedure that uses small portable system to record and store the electrical activity of heart over 24-48 hours

153
Q

stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions

154
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

blood test that measures presence and amount of several substances released by heart when damaged or under stress

155
Q

lipid panel

A

series of blood tests used to assess RF of ischemic heart disease

156
Q

angiography

A

procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a constrast medium

157
Q

aortography

A

angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of contrast medium

158
Q

coronary angiography

A

specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

159
Q

doppler US

A

ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves

160
Q

carotid artery US

A

ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on wall of carotid arteries

161
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through heart, valves, chambers, and assess cardiac output

162
Q

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

A

noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through the heart

163
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography

A

myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of radioactive tracer into blood while gamma camera moves in circle

164
Q

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

165
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

166
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)

A

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively heart walls move as they contract

167
Q

cardiac catherization (CC)

A

passage of a catheter into heart though a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

168
Q

electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into heart to study and map conduction system

169
Q

angioplasty

A

endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

170
Q

PTCA

A

angioplasty of coronary arteries that involves insertion of balloon catheter to R. femoral artery

171
Q

cardiac albatation

A

catheter inserted though vein in the groin and threaded to heart to correct structural problems in heart that cause arrhythmia

172
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

173
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

small-battery powered device inserted in chest who is at high risk for developing arrhythmia; aka AICD

174
Q

open heart-surgery

A

surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose heart, valves, or arteries

175
Q

pacemaker insertion

A

implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the HR and rhythm

176
Q

defibrillation

A

lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering increase voltage

177
Q

cardioversion

A

defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset hearts rhythm back to its normal pattern

178
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin 1 (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

179
Q

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS)

A

lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction

180
Q

antiarrhythmics

A

prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

181
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit the body’s natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels

182
Q

beta blockers

A

block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

183
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

184
Q

diurectics

A

act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

185
Q

nitrates

A

dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to myocardium and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

186
Q

statins

A

lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

187
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

188
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

189
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

190
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

191
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin receptor blocker

192
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular, arteriovenous

193
Q

BP, B/P

A

blood pressure

194
Q

CA

A

cancer, cardiac arrest, chronological age

195
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

196
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

197
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization

198
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

199
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme), conductive keratoplasty

200
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

201
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

202
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis

203
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

204
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram, echocardiography, echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

205
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology studies

206
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

207
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

208
Q

LA

A

left atrium

209
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

210
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

211
Q

MPI

A

myocardial perfusion imaging

212
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography

213
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

214
Q

MUGA scan

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

215
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

216
Q

O2

A

oxygen

217
Q

PAD

A

peripheral artery disease

218
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

219
Q

RA

A

right atrium

220
Q

RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

221
Q

RV

A

residual volume; right ventricle

222
Q

SA, S-A

A

sinoatrial

223
Q

HF

A

heart failure

224
Q

Hg

A

mercury

225
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

226
Q

US

A

ultrasound

MEDPT 173 (21 decks)

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