Chapter 8- Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
arteries
A
blood vessels that pump blood O2, nutrients, and other products to the heart and body
2
Q
capillaries
A
smaller vessels off of the arteries that are microscopic
3
Q
veins
A
combination of venules
4
Q
venules
A
larger blood vessels that are formed by merge of capillaries
5
Q
leaflets
A
flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
6
Q
lumen
A
tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within artery, vein, intestine
7
Q
regurgitation
A
backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
8
Q
sphincters
A
circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substance
9
Q
vasoconstriction
A
narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow; usually result of diseases and medications
10
Q
vasodilation
A
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of vascular walls
11
Q
viscosity
A
thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
12
Q
tunica externa
A
outer coat, composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
13
Q
tunica media
A
middle layer, composed of smooth muscle; muscle can alter the size of the lumen of vessel and when it contracts it causes vasoconstriction (decrease blood flow); when it relaxes it causes vasodilation (increase in blood flow)
14
Q
tunica intima
A
thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of epithelial cells that provide a smooth surface on inside of the vessel
15
Q
pulse
A
surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart
16
Q
oxygen
A
arterial blood (except pulmonary artery) contains high concentration
17
Q
arterioles
A
smaller arteries where oxygenated blood travels
18
Q
valves
A
small structures within veins that prevent backflow of blood
19
Q
pericardium
A
enclosed sac around the heart
20
Q
endocardium
A
serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium or arteries and veins
21
Q
myocardium
A
muscular layer of the heart
22
Q
epicardium
A
outermost layer of the heart
23
Q
right atrium
A
upper chamber; collect blood
24
Q
left atrium
A
upper chamber; collect blood
25
right ventricle
lower chamber; pump blood
26
left ventricle
lower chamber; pump blood
27
RV pump blood
to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) for oxygenation
28
LV pumps oxygenated blood
to the entire body (systemic circulation)
29
superior vena cava
collects and carries blood from the upper body
30
inferior vena cava
collects and carries blood from the lower body
31
tricuspid valve
RA to this consists of 3 leaflets to RV
32
left and right pulmonary artery
blood leaves RV to these and travels to the lungs
33
pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve
prevents regurgitation of blood into RV from pulmonary artery
34
mitral (bicuspid) valve
structure consisting of two leaflets blood passes through LV to this
35
aorta
largest artery of the body; containing the aortic semilunar valve
36
aortic semilunar valve (aorta valve)
permits blood flow in only one direction-LV to aorta
37
right coronary artery
vascularize right side of heart
38
left coronary artery
vascularize left side of heart; divided into two branches: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery
39
conduction tissue
specialized cardiac tissue
40
sinoatrial (SA) node
located in upper portion of RA and possesses own intrinsic rhytm
41
atrioventricular (AV) node
causes atria to contract
42
bundle of His (AV bundle)
conduction fibers, relays impulse to purkinje fibers
43
Purkinje fibers
extended up ventricle wall
44
pacemaker
aka SA node
45
electrocardiograph
impulses recorded on graph paper through this instrument
46
P wave
depolarization (contraction) of the atria
47
QRS complex
depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
48
T wave
repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
49
systole
contraction phase when blood is forced out of the heart
50
diastole
relaxation when ventricles fill up with blood
51
sphygmomanometer
measures BP
52
aneurysm/o
aneurysm (widening blood vessel)
53
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
54
vascul/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
55
aort/o
aorta
56
arteri/o
artery
57
arteriol/o
arteriole
58
atri/o
atrium
59
ather/o
fatty plaque
60
cardi/o
heart
61
coron/o
heart
62
electr/o
electricy
63
embol/o
embolus (plug)
64
hemangi/o
blood vessel
65
my/o
muscle
66
phleb/o
vein
67
ven/o
vein
68
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white eye)
69
sept/o
septum
70
sphygm/o
pulse
71
sten/o
narrowing, stricture
72
thromb/o
blood clot
73
valv/o
valve
74
valvul/o
valve
75
ventricul/o
ventricle (of heart of brain)
76
-cardia
heart condition
77
-stenosis
narrowing stricture
78
brady-
slow
79
endo-
in, within
80
extra-
outside
81
peri-
around
82
trans-
across
83
cardiologist
diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders
84
cardiology
medical specialty concerned with disorders of cardiovascular diseases
85
arteriosclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that cause them to become thickened and brittle restricting the flow of blood to tissues and organs
86
atheroma
plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris
87
thrombus
formation of a clot that travel though vascular system
88
infarction
localized tissue death
89
ischemia
localized tissue anemia
90
angina
chest pain and tightness
91
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
92
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of body
93
myalgia
muscle pain
94
hyperlipidemia
elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
95
statins
slow down and reverse fat build up
96
antihypertensives
control blood pressure
97
anticoagulants
reduce thrombus formation
98
angioplasty
repairing affected vessels
99
endarterectomy
surgical removal of fatty deposits from inside artery
100
coronary artery disease (CAD)
interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to myocardium
101
ischemia
inadequate blood supply to myocardium
102
necrosis
death of tissue or muscle
103
myocardial infarction
is combined of muscle and myocardium
104
endocarditis
inflammation of inner lining of the heart and valves
105
infective endocarditis
caused by bacteria
106
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of mitral valve
107
vegetations
valves
108
mitral valve insufficiency
mitral valve does not close properly
109
regurgitation
backflow into the atrium
110
valvuloplasty
surgery to correct damaged valves
111
bioprosthetic
mechanical device
112
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic treatment to protect against infection
113
varicose veins
enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
114
incompetent
do not function properly
115
varices
esophagus
116
hemorrhoids
rectum
117
phlebitis
inflammation of the vein
118
endovenous ablation
destroying tissue within the vein
119
radiofrequency ablation
treatment that employ lasers, heat
120
cryoalbation
extreme cold treatment
121
sclerotherapy
chemical treatment
122
myxoma
mucous connective tissue
123
pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs
124
arthralgia
joint pain
125
primary tumor
malignancy originating in another area of the body
126
metastasizes
spreading
127
malignant melanoma
darkly pigmented mole or tumor
128
aneurysm
localized abnormal diffusion of a vessel, usually an artery
129
angina
chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to myocaridum
130
arrhythmia
irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; aka dysrhythmia
131
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate, usually <60 BPM
132
fibrillation
abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles
133
heart block
interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to Purkinje fibers
134
tachycardia
abnormally fast but regular rhythm up to <200 BPM
135
bruit
soft, blowing sound heart on auscultation and associated valvular action, movement of blood as it pass obstruction
136
cardiomyopathy
disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardial function
137
coarction
narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
138
embolism
intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of body and causes a blockage in another area
139
heart failure
disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
140
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
141
hypertension
elevated BP persistently higher than 140/90 mmHg
142
hypotension
low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mmHg
143
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
structural defect in which mitral valve leaflets prolapse in LA during ventricular constraction
144
palpation
sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
145
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
common circulatory disorder characterized by reduced flow of blood to extremeties
146
phlebitis
inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs; most commonly legs
147
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever; causing permanent scarring on heart valves
148
syncope
partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to brain; aka fainting
149
thrombosis
abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
150
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially in legs or thighs; aka deep venous thrombosis
151
electrocardiography
procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small electrodes
152
holter monitor test
procedure that uses small portable system to record and store the electrical activity of heart over 24-48 hours
153
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions
154
cardiac biomarkers
blood test that measures presence and amount of several substances released by heart when damaged or under stress
155
lipid panel
series of blood tests used to assess RF of ischemic heart disease
156
angiography
procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a constrast medium
157
aortography
angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of contrast medium
158
coronary angiography
specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
159
doppler US
ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves
160
carotid artery US
ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on wall of carotid arteries
161
echocardiography (ECHO)
ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through heart, valves, chambers, and assess cardiac output
162
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through the heart
163
single-photon emission computed tomography
myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of radioactive tracer into blood while gamma camera moves in circle
164
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
165
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
166
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)
nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively heart walls move as they contract
167
cardiac catherization (CC)
passage of a catheter into heart though a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
168
electrophysiology study (EPS)
special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into heart to study and map conduction system
169
angioplasty
endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
170
PTCA
angioplasty of coronary arteries that involves insertion of balloon catheter to R. femoral artery
171
cardiac albatation
catheter inserted though vein in the groin and threaded to heart to correct structural problems in heart that cause arrhythmia
172
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
173
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
small-battery powered device inserted in chest who is at high risk for developing arrhythmia; aka AICD
174
open heart-surgery
surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose heart, valves, or arteries
175
pacemaker insertion
implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the HR and rhythm
176
defibrillation
lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering increase voltage
177
cardioversion
defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset hearts rhythm back to its normal pattern
178
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin 1 (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
179
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS)
lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
180
antiarrhythmics
prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
181
anticoagulants
inhibit the body's natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels
182
beta blockers
block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
183
calcium channel blockers
block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
184
diurectics
act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
185
nitrates
dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to myocardium and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
186
statins
lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
187
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
188
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
189
AED
automated external defibrillator
190
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
191
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
192
AV
atrioventricular, arteriovenous
193
BP, B/P
blood pressure
194
CA
cancer, cardiac arrest, chronological age
195
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
196
CAD
coronary artery disease
197
CC
cardiac catheterization
198
CHF
congestive heart failure
199
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme), conductive keratoplasty
200
CO2
carbon dioxide
201
CV
cardiovascular
202
DVT
deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis
203
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
204
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography, echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
205
EPS
electrophysiology studies
206
HTN
hypertension
207
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
208
LA
left atrium
209
LV
left ventricle
210
MI
myocardial infarction
211
MPI
myocardial perfusion imaging
212
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography
213
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
214
MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquisition scan
215
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
216
O2
oxygen
217
PAD
peripheral artery disease
218
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
219
RA
right atrium
220
RHD
rheumatic heart disease
221
RV
residual volume; right ventricle
222
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
223
HF
heart failure
224
Hg
mercury
225
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
226
US
ultrasound
