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MEDPT 173 > Chapter 7- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

breathing (ventilation)

A

lungs and airways transport oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and carry waste CO2 from the lungs to the atmosphere

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2
Q

carbon dioxide

A

tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

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3
Q

cartilage

A

touch, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

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4
Q

cilia

A

minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell

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5
Q

diffuse

A

to move or spread out substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application

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6
Q

oxygen

A

tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

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7
Q

pH

A

symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance

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8
Q

serous membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps membrane moist; aka serosa

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9
Q

nasal cavity

A

a chamber lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs known as cilia; divided into a right and left side by a vertical partition of cartilage known as the nasal spectum

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10
Q

olfactory neurons

A

receptors for the sense of smell

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11
Q

pharynx

A

a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air

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12
Q

pharynx consists of

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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13
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nose

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14
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to the mouth

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15
Q

laryngopharynx

A

superior to the larynx

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16
Q

within nasopharynx is a collection of

A

adenoids; lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

within oropharynx is

A

palatine tonsils; protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms

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18
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible

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19
Q

epiglottis

A

leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx, seals off the air passage to lungs during swallowing

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20
Q

trachea (wind-pipe)

A

composed of smooth muscle embedded with c-shaped rings of cartilage, keep air passage open

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21
Q

trachea divides into two branches

A

bronchi; one branch leads to right lung, other leads to left lung

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22
Q

bronchus divides into smaller branches known as

A

bronchioles

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23
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioldes

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24
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli

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25
Q

lungs divided into lobes

A

3 lobes in right, 2 lobes in left

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26
Q

space between lungs

A

mediastinum

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27
Q

visceral pleura

A

membrane lying closest to the lung

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28
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic cavity

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29
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the two membranes

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30
Q

diaphragm

A

lies between the chest and abdominal cavities

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31
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts, descending into the abdominal cavity, decreasing pressure and drawing air into the lungs

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32
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes, slowly reenter thoracic cavity; as pressure increases, air leaves the lungs

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33
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

process by which O2 is taken from air and carried to body cells for their use, CO2 and water (waste products) carried to the lungs and returned to the environment

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34
Q

pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

a largely involuntary action that moves air into (inspiration) and out (expiration) the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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35
Q

external respiration

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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36
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system

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37
Q

internal respiration

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries

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38
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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39
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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40
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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41
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus cavity

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42
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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43
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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44
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsils

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45
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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46
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (voice box)

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47
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

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48
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus

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49
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus

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50
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole

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51
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus; air sac

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52
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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53
Q

neum/o

A

air, lung

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54
Q

pneumon/o

A

air, lung

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55
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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56
Q

anthrac/o

A

coal, coal dust

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57
Q

atel/o

A

incomplete, imperfect

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58
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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59
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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60
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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61
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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62
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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63
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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64
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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65
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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66
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm; mind

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67
Q

spir/o

A

breathe

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68
Q

-capnia

A

carbond dioxide

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69
Q

-osmia

A

smell

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70
Q

-phonia

A

voice

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71
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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72
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

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73
Q

-thorax

A

chest

74
Q

brady-

A

slow

75
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

76
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

77
Q

tachy-

A

fast

78
Q

thoracodynia

A

chest pain

79
Q

pulmonology

A

medical specialty concerned with disorders of respiratory system

80
Q

pulmonologist

A

specialist treats respiratory disorders

81
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution

82
Q

emphysema

A

characterized by decreased elasticity of alveoli

83
Q

mucopurulent sputum

A

sputum containing WBCs

84
Q

ARDS

A

condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of a patient

85
Q

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

A

form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in pre-term infants or infants born to diabetic mothers

86
Q

surfactant

A

phospholipid substance that keeps alveoli open

87
Q

nares

A

flaring of nostrils

88
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness

89
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

90
Q

hyaline membrane

A

ground-glass appearance

91
Q

alveolar consolidation

A

bilateral decrease in lung volume and fluid in alveoli

92
Q

lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma)

A

malignancy that arises from epithelium of bronchial tree

93
Q

metastasize

A

spread

94
Q

abnormal breathing sounds

A

crackle
rhonchus
stridor
wheeze

95
Q

crackle

A

intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or air enters moisture-filled alveoli; rale

96
Q

rhoncus

A

continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in larger airways; resemble snoring

97
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched, harsh sound caused by spasm or swelling of larynx or obstruction in upper airway

98
Q

wheeze

A

whistling or signing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

99
Q

acidosis

A

excessive acidity of body fluids

100
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell

101
Q

apnea

A

disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep; resulting in deoxygenation; sleep apnea

102
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may acute or chronic and affects all or part of lung

103
Q

coryza

A

acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; rhinitis

104
Q

croup

A

common childhood condition involving inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages, sometimes involving the lungs

105
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts (lung and pancreas)

106
Q

deviated nasal septum

A

displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes cause nosebleed

107
Q

epiglotties

A

severe; life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs commonly in children 2-12

108
Q

epistaxis

A

nasal hemorrhage; aka nosebleed

109
Q

hypoxemia

A

oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

110
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

111
Q

influenza

A

acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by fever, chills, muscle pain; aka flu

112
Q

pertussis

A

acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound; aka whooping cough

113
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of lungs

114
Q

empyema

A

exudative effusion chracterized by collection of pus in pleural cavity; aka pyothorax

115
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity; commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury

116
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain; aka pleuritis

117
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli; most commonly caused by heart failure

118
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blockage in an artery of lungs caused by mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, tissue) traveled to lungs

119
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparent healthy infant <12 months

120
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets affecting any organ of body (lungs)

121
Q

mantoux test

A

tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of PPD is placed beneath the surface of the skin to identify previous exposure

122
Q

oximetry

A

noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen; aka pulse oximetry

123
Q

polysomography

A

test of sleep cycles using EEG’s (continuous recordings of brain waves) as well as electrical activity of muscle, eye movement, BP

124
Q

pulmonary function tests

A

series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments

125
Q

spirometry

A

PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs

126
Q

bronchoscopy

A

visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures

127
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

128
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

visual examination of the mediastinal structures including; heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

129
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

130
Q

sputum culture

A

microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonia

131
Q

sweat test

A

measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

132
Q

throat culture

A

test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci

133
Q

chest x-ray (CXR)

A

radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax

134
Q

CT pulmonary angiography

A

minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of pulmonary arteries

135
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan

A

nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in lungs

136
Q

pleurectomy

A

excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

137
Q

pneumonectomy

A

excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer

138
Q

septoplasty

A

surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on breathing patterns

139
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; aka pleurocentesis

140
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

141
Q

aerosol therapy

A

lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways

142
Q

antral lavage

A

washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient

143
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway

144
Q

postural drainage

A

method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier

145
Q

antibiotics

A

destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes

146
Q

antihistamines

A

block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues

147
Q

antitussives

A

relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain

148
Q

bronchodilators

A

stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow

149
Q

corticosteroids

A

act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

150
Q

decongestants

A

constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways

151
Q

expectorants

A

liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes

152
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas

153
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

154
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

155
Q

CF

A

cystic fibrosis

156
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

157
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

158
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

159
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

160
Q

CTPA

A

computed tomography pulmonary angiography

161
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray, chest radiograph

162
Q

DPI

A

dry powder inhaler

163
Q

DPT

A

diphtheria pertussis tetanus

164
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

165
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

166
Q

Hg, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

167
Q

HMD

A

hyaline membrane disease

168
Q

MDI

A

metered-dose inhaler

169
Q

NMT

A

nebulized mist treatment

170
Q

O2

A

oxygen

171
Q

OSA

A

obstructive sleep apnea

172
Q

PCO2

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

173
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

174
Q

PFT

A

pulmonary function test

175
Q

pH

A

degree of acidity of alkalinity

176
Q

PO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen

177
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivative

178
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

179
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

180
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

181
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

MEDPT 173 (21 decks)

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