Chapter 7- Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
breathing (ventilation)
A
lungs and airways transport oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and carry waste CO2 from the lungs to the atmosphere
2
Q
carbon dioxide
A
tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
3
Q
cartilage
A
touch, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
4
Q
cilia
A
minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell
5
Q
diffuse
A
to move or spread out substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application
6
Q
oxygen
A
tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
7
Q
pH
A
symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
8
Q
serous membrane
A
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps membrane moist; aka serosa
9
Q
nasal cavity
A
a chamber lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs known as cilia; divided into a right and left side by a vertical partition of cartilage known as the nasal spectum
10
Q
olfactory neurons
A
receptors for the sense of smell
11
Q
pharynx
A
a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air
12
Q
pharynx consists of
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
13
Q
nasopharynx
A
posterior to the nose
14
Q
oropharynx
A
posterior to the mouth
15
Q
laryngopharynx
A
superior to the larynx
16
Q
within nasopharynx is a collection of
A
adenoids; lymphoid tissue
17
Q
within oropharynx is
A
palatine tonsils; protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms
18
Q
larynx (voice box)
A
contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible
19
Q
epiglottis
A
leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx, seals off the air passage to lungs during swallowing
20
Q
trachea (wind-pipe)
A
composed of smooth muscle embedded with c-shaped rings of cartilage, keep air passage open
21
Q
trachea divides into two branches
A
bronchi; one branch leads to right lung, other leads to left lung
22
Q
bronchus divides into smaller branches known as
A
bronchioles
23
Q
alveoli
A
tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioldes
24
Q
pulmonary capillaries
A
lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli
25
lungs divided into lobes
3 lobes in right, 2 lobes in left
26
space between lungs
mediastinum
27
visceral pleura
membrane lying closest to the lung
28
parietal pleura
lines the thoracic cavity
29
pleural cavity
space between the two membranes
30
diaphragm
lies between the chest and abdominal cavities
31
inspiration
diaphragm contracts, descending into the abdominal cavity, decreasing pressure and drawing air into the lungs
32
expiration
diaphragm relaxes, slowly reenter thoracic cavity; as pressure increases, air leaves the lungs
33
pulmonary respiration
process by which O2 is taken from air and carried to body cells for their use, CO2 and water (waste products) carried to the lungs and returned to the environment
34
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
a largely involuntary action that moves air into (inspiration) and out (expiration) the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
35
external respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
36
transport of respiratory gases
the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system
37
internal respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
38
nas/o
nose
39
rhin/o
nose
40
sept/o
septum
41
sinus/o
sinus cavity
42
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
43
adenoid/o
adenoids
44
tonsill/o
tonsils
45
epiglott/o
epiglottis
46
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
47
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
48
bronchi/o
bronchus
49
bronch/o
bronchus
50
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
51
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
52
pleur/o
pleura
53
neum/o
air, lung
54
pneumon/o
air, lung
55
pulmon/o
lung
56
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
57
atel/o
incomplete, imperfect
58
coni/o
dust
59
cyan/o
blue
60
lob/o
lobe
61
orth/o
straight
62
ox/o
oxygen
63
pector/o
chest
64
steth/o
chest
65
thorac/o
chest
66
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
67
spir/o
breathe
68
-capnia
carbond dioxide
69
-osmia
smell
70
-phonia
voice
71
-pnea
breathing
72
-ptysis
spitting
73
-thorax
chest
74
brady-
slow
75
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
76
eu-
good, normal
77
tachy-
fast
78
thoracodynia
chest pain
79
pulmonology
medical specialty concerned with disorders of respiratory system
80
pulmonologist
specialist treats respiratory disorders
81
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution
82
emphysema
characterized by decreased elasticity of alveoli
83
mucopurulent sputum
sputum containing WBCs
84
ARDS
condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of a patient
85
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in pre-term infants or infants born to diabetic mothers
86
surfactant
phospholipid substance that keeps alveoli open
87
nares
flaring of nostrils
88
cyanosis
blueness
89
tachypnea
rapid breathing
90
hyaline membrane
ground-glass appearance
91
alveolar consolidation
bilateral decrease in lung volume and fluid in alveoli
92
lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma)
malignancy that arises from epithelium of bronchial tree
93
metastasize
spread
94
abnormal breathing sounds
crackle
rhonchus
stridor
wheeze
95
crackle
intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or air enters moisture-filled alveoli; rale
96
rhoncus
continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in larger airways; resemble snoring
97
stridor
high-pitched, harsh sound caused by spasm or swelling of larynx or obstruction in upper airway
98
wheeze
whistling or signing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
99
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids
100
anosmia
absence of the sense of smell
101
apnea
disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep; resulting in deoxygenation; sleep apnea
102
atelectasis
collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may acute or chronic and affects all or part of lung
103
coryza
acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; rhinitis
104
croup
common childhood condition involving inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages, sometimes involving the lungs
105
cystic fibrosis (CF)
life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts (lung and pancreas)
106
deviated nasal septum
displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes cause nosebleed
107
epiglotties
severe; life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs commonly in children 2-12
108
epistaxis
nasal hemorrhage; aka nosebleed
109
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia
110
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis
111
influenza
acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by fever, chills, muscle pain; aka flu
112
pertussis
acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic "whoop" sound; aka whooping cough
113
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of lungs
114
empyema
exudative effusion chracterized by collection of pus in pleural cavity; aka pyothorax
115
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural cavity; commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury
116
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain; aka pleuritis
117
pulmonary edema
accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli; most commonly caused by heart failure
118
pulmonary embolism
blockage in an artery of lungs caused by mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, tissue) traveled to lungs
119
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparent healthy infant <12 months
120
tuberculosis (TB)
potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets affecting any organ of body (lungs)
121
mantoux test
tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of PPD is placed beneath the surface of the skin to identify previous exposure
122
oximetry
noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen; aka pulse oximetry
123
polysomography
test of sleep cycles using EEG's (continuous recordings of brain waves) as well as electrical activity of muscle, eye movement, BP
124
pulmonary function tests
series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments
125
spirometry
PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs
126
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures
127
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
128
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinal structures including; heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
129
arterial blood gas (ABG)
test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
130
sputum culture
microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonia
131
sweat test
measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
132
throat culture
test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
133
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax
134
CT pulmonary angiography
minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of pulmonary arteries
135
ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan
nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in lungs
136
pleurectomy
excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
137
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer
138
septoplasty
surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on breathing patterns
139
thoracentesis
surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; aka pleurocentesis
140
tracheostomy
surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
141
aerosol therapy
lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways
142
antral lavage
washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient
143
endotracheal intubation
procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway
144
postural drainage
method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier
145
antibiotics
destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes
146
antihistamines
block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
147
antitussives
relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
148
bronchodilators
stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow
149
corticosteroids
act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
150
decongestants
constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
151
expectorants
liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
152
ABG
arterial blood gas
153
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
154
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
155
CF
cystic fibrosis
156
CO2
carbon dioxide
157
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
158
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
159
CT
computed tomography
160
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
161
CXR
chest x-ray, chest radiograph
162
DPI
dry powder inhaler
163
DPT
diphtheria pertussis tetanus
164
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
165
EEG
electroencephalogram
166
Hg, Hgb
hemoglobin
167
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
168
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
169
NMT
nebulized mist treatment
170
O2
oxygen
171
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
172
PCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
173
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician
174
PFT
pulmonary function test
175
pH
degree of acidity of alkalinity
176
PO2
partial pressure of oxygen
177
PPD
purified protein derivative
178
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
179
SOB
shortness of breath
180
TB
tuberculosis
181
URI
upper respiratory infection
