Chapter 9: Atlantic Canada Flashcards
the settlement and economic development of the Atlantic region does seem to be influenced by the environment. This is described by the term: Environmental _____________.
Determinism
Newfoundland has been dependent upon the ____[fish] fishery for four hundred years. What attempts have been made to diversify this economy?
- Production from the huge ____ deposit
- ______ [city] harbour = oceanic container trade
- Atlantic _______: resource royalties and equalization payments.
cod;
nickel
Halifax
Accord
Newfoundland’s Production from the huge nickel deposit has 2 LNG (______) facilities. this makes Newfoundland an ______ hub for E. North America.
a. LNG: link between gas-producing countries (N. Africa, and Middle East) and the energy deficient market of New England
b. __________ LNG was the first LNG terminal in Canada. Send out 1 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day to Canada/US.
liquid nitrogen gas
energy
Canaport
• The Federal Government has been very influential in the Atlantic. Can you identify what these influences were and are? (e.g., DREE, DRIE, etc.)
FTA & WTO - helped stimulate economy by allowing better access to US market
DREE - offered incentives to encourage companies to locate in Atlantic Canada
Highway , school, and municipal service construction.
TAGS - Closed cod fisheries and helped relocate and retrain workers because of dismal stocks .
DRI -
Atlantic Canada has a Struggling/subpar economy due to exploitation and exhaustion of its _______
resources
Atlantic Canada has Rural to Urban movement, and has Strong _____(out-/in-) migration.
out-migration
Atlantic Canada has Net out migration to other faster growing regions within Canada.
The 4 reasons are:
1. _________ division = transportation costs = discouraged companies
2. _____ and iron are exhausted & cod is overexploited
3. Series of _____ (large/small) internal markets
4. Far distance from Canada’s major ______
Geographic;
coal;
small
markets
Atlantic region contains ___% of Canadian Aboriginal population.
Aboriginal: 2.4%
Atlantic Canada is resource hinterland based on ____, ______, and ______.
(FFM)
fish; forests; minerals
pg 415 bone
Atlantic Canada’s physical geography suffers from Geographical _________.
fragmentation
Atlantic Canada contains what physiographic regions? and where?
Maritimes and Newfoundland = Appalachian Uplands
Labrador = Canadian Shield
The Appalachian Uplands within the maritimes and Newfoundland have a rugged costline with _____/_______ terrain.
hilly/mountainous
The Canadian shield within Labrador have a scarce _____ land, fjord _______, rugged interior, and is mountainous.
arable; fjord
Atlantic Environmental Challenges
Overexploitation of the cod fishery, due to _________ advances and mismanagement
technological
Atlantic Environmental Challenges
• ______[city] Tar Ponds: These are located in ________[province]. these are a higher risk of _____[disease], being cleaned and this is an improvement
Sydney; Nova Scotia; cancer
Historical Geography:
Atlantic Canada has a high quantity of trade with New England. Halifax was the new England post, and ATL was badly hurt when treaty of _______ ended.
reciprocity
Atlantic Canada Today:
Receives half of its revenue from________ payments (which go directly to provincial governments for spending)
equalization
Atlantic Canada’s population has been suffering from a stale growth down to an out-migration to ______ [province] in 2001, and then to [Alberta] in 2006.
Ontario; Alberta
Atlantic Canada’s Population :
Due to lack of economic growth, and the creation of attractive new ____ in other areas of Canada
- Smaller markets will affect local _______
- _______ ambitious people moving to more prosperous regions
- Psychological cost
jobs;
businesses;
younger;
Atlantic Canada has a dispersed population and this makes it harder to build/maintain ________
This was the result of the first settlers establishing isolated fishing outports
transportation
The Atlantic Population and economy were slightly stimulated by the _____ _____ agreement and the WTO. These gave access to the ___ market.
Also the Lower Canadian dollar allowed for greater exports and ______.
FTA
US
tourism
Industrial Structure:
The future of Atlantic Canada lies in the ______ sector, especially _________ industries
(study this)
tertiary
high-tech
Atlantic Canada ‘s Economy:
• The Federal government established DREE (department of _________ __________ _________)
o Offered incentives to encourage ________ to locate in Atlantic Canada
o ________ construction, schools, and municipal services
regional economic expansion;
companies;
Highway;
Atlantic Canada ‘s Economy:
Ottawa closed the cod fisheries in ____ [year] because of dismal stocks. This brought about TAGS (The ______ ______ _______ Strategy.)
1992;
Atlantic Canada Groundfish Strategy
Atlantic Canada ‘s Economy:
TAGS:
$_ billion in monthly payments available to about 40,000 fishers, and fish-plant workers.
Intended to shift workers into other types of work through education and ________ programs
2 billion; retraining
Atlantic Canada ‘s Economy:
Problems with TAGS:
Problems with TAGS: no one wanted to leave, and hard to _____ the old dogs
They need to diversify their economy by:
more emphasis on value-adding activities (manufacturing/processing _______ ______) and expansion of high technology in ____ sector.
retrain;
natural resources;
tertiary;
Key Topic: Fishing Industry
Newfoundland has diversified is fishery industry since what event?
In 2006 landed value of NewFoundLand, and Lab. = $445.3 million, $315 million were due to ______ and ______
closing of cod fisheries;
snow crab & shrimp;
Atlantic Canada's fishing industry: Consists of: \_\_\_\_\_\_ fishery offshore fishery and fish-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plants
inshore; offshore
Atlantic Canada’s fishing:
Modernization of fishing:
_______ (more/fewer) fishers were needed
Tech advances and dragger nets leads to the problem of ________
collapse of cod forced ______ (inshore/offshore) fishers to turn to government assistance to survive
fewer
overfishing
inshore
Atlantic Canada’s Management of Fish Stocks
• No management over international waters leads to what?
overexploitation of fish stocks
Atlantic Canada’s Management of Fish Stocks
“_______ of the _______”: destruction of renewable resources, such as ____ [in this case], because there is a lack of management and individuals try to maximize their usage of the resource for personal gain. This practice overwhelms and destroys the resource through extinction or depletion.
Tragedy of the commons;
fish
Atlantic Canada’s Management of Fish Stocks
How were they Mismanaged?
o Too high of ____
o Pressure from the industry to set a high quota
o No control over areas outside their _____ miles. (end of _____ ____are out of Canada control)
quota;
200 miles;
Grand Bank;
Atlantic Canada’s Forest Industry:
Important to ________ [province] that generated half of Canada’s $4 billion in 2001.
Most of the timber land is privately owned in which provinces?
Most of the timber land is government owned or “Crown land” and 2% privately owned. These provinces are?
new Brunswick
PEI; NS; NB
NFL & Lab
Atlantic Canada’s Mining:
2005, mineral production $10.7 billion This is mostly from offshore ______ developments
petroleum
Atlantic Canada’s Mining:
$7 billion in oil from _____ and _____ [provinces]
$1.4 billion from natural gas in _____ [province]
____ ____ Company is the largest single employer in Labrador with 400 worker. This company supplies many jobs in Atlantic Canada.
NFL & LAB
Nova Scotia
Iron Ore Company
Megaprojects in Atlantic Canada:
_______ oil project, and ____ _____ gas, Voisey Bay _____ deposit (high grade, open mining, and proximity to Ocean shipping)
These Create a high demand for workers (only while being ________ (constructed/operated))
• Hibernia drilling site is located in ________[province] and generates __% of Canadian oil production. This has a Huge impact on the province’s economy
Hibernia Sable Island nickel constructed; NFL 12%
Megaprojects in Atlantic Canada:
Problems for regional development:
- A ____(large/little) labour force during construction. A _____(large/little) force is needed to run.
o Resource hinterlands in Atlantic Canada lose “_____” effect to industrial areas
Sometimes take place on government ______ ______.
large; little
spinoff
crown Lands
Atlantic Canada Agriculture:
Agriculture is ______ (plentiful/limited).
Less than __% of land in the Maritimes is arable. Arable land is the lowest in _______ and ______ . [provinces] ==> less than 0.1%
Agriculture still contributes to the economy of Atlantic Canada
•2005, $1 billion. Mostly _______ [crop]
limited;
5%
potatoes
Which province leads the agricultural sector of Atlantic Canada?
PEI
Atlantic Urban Geography:
It consists of _____ (many/few) large cities.
Also has many small isolated _______[location] villages.
few;
coastal
Atlantic Urban Geography
Interior is relatively empty, exceptions are _____ towns.
mining
Atlantic Urban Geography
______ is the largest Atlantic Canadian city. It is the 13th largest in Canada. It dreams of becoming a superport for North America (because of huge Panamax ships, and _____ at the West Coast ports.
halifax
delays
Atlantic Urban Geography:
Halifax and _______ [city] are experiencing growth, mostly due to offshore ___ [resource] and other developments.
Atlantic Canada is experiencing a Rural-to-urban ______.
St. Johns
oil
movement
Atlantic Canada’s urban Geography:
A strong out migration from ___ [province] and ____ [province] to other parts of Canada
• Future is brightest for ________[province] (highest population) and for Halifax a metropolitan area.
Newfoundland; Labrador
Nova Scotia
