Chapter 8: Western Canada Flashcards
The Cree people, for example, often had to travel long ________ in the annual cycle or _______ rounds of resource harvesting, and later, as middlemen in the fur trade.
distances; seasonal
How has distance been a factor in the development of the prairie region?
Consider, for example, the importance of the ______, the Crow Rate, pipelines transporting oil and gas, electrical transmission lines taking power from one side of the province to the demand on the other side, etc.
railroads
The relative isolation of the prairies from the heartland has encouraged regional adaptations to economic life. Why do you think the Cooperative Movement has been so successful in this region?
________
What role has the federal government played in this region’s success? Consider, for example, the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) created in 1935.
What were the benefits of the PFRA sponsored soil and water programs (shelterbelts, dugouts, reservoirs)?
- Lake _______ was originally a PFRA idea.
- Started to give aid in ____s [year], mitigate soil _____
- building water reservoirs and helping farmers build ______.
- after the crisis, they focused on water and ____ development
Diefenbaker
1930s; erosion
dugouts
pasture
How did the boreal forest, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the North West Company influence the development of Western Canada? The heartland?
Boreal Forest == forestry
Hudson’s Bay Company == fur trade
North West company = oil/gas
Helped form western canada into a heart land. and forced immigration and industrialization into the area.
What percent of Western canada is aboriginal?
8.6%
What physiographic regions are present in Western Canada?
Interior plains and Canadian Shield, minor ones are Hudson Bay lowlands and Cordillera
Western Sedimentary Basin: is mostly located in which province?
What products are produced there?
most of Alberta, and parts of BC, Sask, and MB
petroleum products
Western Canada has a ________ [type] climate: extreme daily fluctuations in temp and _____[high/low] precipitation.
continental; low
Western Canada is dry, cause ______[mountains] stop the moist wind
Manitoba gets moisture from the ____ of _____.
Rocky Mountains
Gulf of Mexico
Interior Plains: parkland and grassland vegetation
o Black ________ soil produces ________ (parkland/grassland) vegetation.
This type of soil is located where?
Is it on the fertile belt? or dry belt?
Chernozemic
parkland
Edmonton/Manitoba
(fertile belt)
Interior Plains: parkland and grassland vegetation
Dark Brown Chernozemic forms ______ (grassland/parkland) vegetation.
Where is this located?
fertile belt or dry belt?
grassland
Calgary/Saskatoon
(fertile belt)
Interior Plains: parkland and grassland vegetation:
Brown Chernozemic forms ______ (grassland/parkland) vegetation.
Where is this located?
fertile belt or dry belt?
grassland
east of Lethbridge, and Swiftcurrent
(dry belt)
Environmental Challenges of Western Canada:
Removal of radioactive waste from ______ mines north of Lake _______
Reduce ___[gas] and sulphur dioxide emissions from mining and processing of the ____ sands.
uranium; Athabasca
CO2; tar
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
Opposition of natives, surveyors grid disregards the _____ settlements
Metis
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
-Red River Rebellion: Who led this?
Louis Riel
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
Plains Indians marginalized, sent to ______(unique settlement of Prairies)
reserves
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
-______ completed in 1885. Allowed for inhabitation of the interior of Canada, & economic progress
CPR
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
______ _____ Act “cheap land” brought people from Easter Canada.
Dominion Land Act
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
________[person] ambitiously recruited settlers and brought them in from Eastern Europe and diversified the area.
Clifford Sifton
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
The Western Canada challenges to agriculture were overcome by the ______[project] & _____ _____. [crop]
CPR , Marquis wheat
Historical Geography of Western Canada:
machinery and industrialization led to consolidated farms. And as a result there was a ___________ (repopulation/depopulation) of farm households
depopulation
From Intensive to _______ Agriculture in Western Canada:
New machinery and technology made farming easier
The number of farms _______(declined/increased), while size of farms __________(increased/declined)
Shift from _____-intensive operations to _____-intensive
Extensive
declined
increased
labour-intensive; capital-intensive
Economic Diversification in Western Canada:
• ________ is still important,
• Development of its oil and gas in _______ province
• ______ and uranium in Sask.
• Manitoba: nickel and _____ power, __________ more important than agriculture
Agriculture; Alberta Potash Hydro (hydroelectric) Transportation
In Western Canada:
The Industrial and Manufacturing sectors are _______ (strong/weak) This is because of the relatively _____ (large/small) market
This is changing because more manufactures are need to keep up with the _____.
weak; small
mining
Fertile Belt is made up of what soils types?
• Mostly ______ [crop] (especially in Sask), but has been shifting to speciality crops. 40% _____[crop] in Sask (over 50% about 6 years ago)
o Eastern SK and MB have more _________. this allows for the growth of specialities crops and _______
o Small specialty farms popping up around cities.
Black & dark brown
wheat; wheat
precipitation; livestock
The dry belt is made up of what type of soils?
This area is composed of Cattle ______, large ______ farms,
This area is Dry not because of less precipitation, but because of longer summers and higher ________.
“_______Country”, :: the land in the dry belt that will hopefully do better next year.
brown soils
ranges; grain
evaporation
“Next Year Country”
Where is the Agriculture Fringe ?
Just outside the Fertile belt (to the north)
______________ (CWB)
Crops have to be sold to the CWB, some farmers are saying they can sell it privately to _______ at a better price.
________ [city] has tried to dismantle the CWB
Canadian Wheat Board
the United States
Washington
Key Topic: Agricultural Transition
First Phase: low _____, and rising input _____
Marked by the end of the federal subsidies for grain ________, and _______ (rising/falling) prices for fertilizers, pesticides, and other farm inputs.
o _________ transport subsidy: closed 1995
• Many exports go to the US, making it vulnerable to barriers or______ placed by the US
prices; costs transport rising Crow Benefit transport subsidy tariffs
Key Topic: Agricultural Transition
Second Phase: higher prices (highest point _____[year])
Higher prices were due to:
1. Demand for more ____, in particular pork, from _______[country] growing middle class- so they have more hogs, need more corn feed
2. The need of the _______ industry- uses corn (ethanol) and other crops
o Urban areas are taking up much of the desired ________ land which decreases the amount of production available
1995; meat; China’s
Biofuel
agricultural
The Prairie Staple in Western Canada:
Changing to crops other than ______[crop] to meet the demands of other countries
Low prices, and no transport subsidy = look for alternative _____.
Wheat dropped, canola was rising for the production of _____ _____
wheat
crops
ethanol biodiesel
The Prairie Staple in Western Canada:
Western Canada now accounts for 40% of ___ production in Canada and _______ [province] leads with 3 million pigs, AB 2.1 million, ________[province] 1.2 million
These operate in _______ (rural/urban) areas to avoiding urban contamination.
hog
Manitoba; Saskatchewan
rural
Resource Base in Western Canada: MINING
Saskatchewan:
Sask. Has the largest and highest-quality potash deposit in the _______ (country/continent/world), and except for a potash min in NB, all of Canada’s potash production comes from Sask.
world
Resource Base in Western Canada: MINING
Alberta:
Coal mining along the eastern slopes of the ________.
Bitumen- oil mixed with sand to make Tarsands This is located in : _______[city] and ____ Lake
Rockies
Fort McMurray
Cold lake
Resource Base in Western Canada: MINING
________ [province]:
Copper-zinc and nickel. Both found in which physiographic region?
Manitoba
Canadian Shield
Forest Industry
• ______ forest across northern half of Western Canada.
• ____ and paper mills are located at the southern edge of the forest
boreal forest;
pulp
Forest Industry has 3 challenges:
- Pulp and paper mills face ______ (increasing/decreasing) demand
- Prices for lumber dropped sharply (no _____ being built in the US)
- ______ (appreciating/depreciating) value of the Canadian dollar
decreasing; houses; depreciating
Population of Western Canada:
- ________[city] is known as the gateway to the North
- Corridor between Calgary and Edmonton has been exceeding a population growth of ___%
Edmonton
10%
