Chapter 10: Territorial North Flashcards
Territorial North is known as a “_______ frontier”
resource
Territorial North History:
______ arrived in 16th century. Their dependence and trade increased until ________ replaced it. Later gov’t buildings came along with settlements
Anglican ________ , and Mounties lead to their culture being lost
whalers;
fur trapping
missionaries
Territorial North:
_______ policy- relieve the aboriginal people of harsh land hardships, and provide _______. This ended up ______ (decreasing/increasing infant mortality rate
Relocation Policy
amenities
decreasing
Northern territories’ urban population is primary located in 3 cities. What are they?
Whitehorse, Yellowknife , Iqualuit
In the Territorial North, which territory has the highest aboriginal population? Which has the lowest?
The Territorial North has a steady ____ (out/in) - migration.
Nunavut; Yukon
out
The territorial north is viewed as 2 different images:
- ” A Northern ______” - great wealth just waiting to be discovered.
- __________ - a sense of place for aboriginals, commitment.
frontier
homeland
Physical Geography
o Yukon, NWT< and Nunavut extends over What physiographic regions make up the Territorial North?
topography _____(constant/varies)
Canadian Shield, interior plains, Cordillera and Arctic lands
Varies
The territorial North is governed by cold environment. This is due to :
• P________(covers the ground)
• Climate zones include: ______ & ______
• Prevents _____ [vegetation]
• Arctic Archipelego is polar _____
• ______ proves wealth, sedimentary basins- oil, natural gas
Permafrost arctic & subarctic climate trees desert geology
Territorial North - Challenges:
• _____ ______[global catastrophe] is most intense in arctic b/c of albedo being lost as snow melts (more insolation)
o Positive- reduction of ice for greater _______
o Negative- ______ may be affected
Less Caribou could cause cultural/nutritional implications for the ____[aboriginal people] and Inuit people that rely on it.
Global Warming
transportation
wildlife
Dene
Territorial North - Challenges:
Gold mining left scars on _________ [city] - _______[element] trioxide is left behind. A quarter of a billion dollars to clean up was left for Ottawa.
Large scale industrial projects cause a negative impact on the environment.
Yellowknife; arsenic
Territorial North:
________ Frontier
• Canada received it in _____ [year], and was very laissez-faire with it, it was not a priority until _____[year] (onset of WWII)
Forgotten
1880
1939
Territorial North:
_______ Frontier
• With WWII breaking out, many bases were put up in the Northern Territories to create a buffer between North America and ______ _____.
American planes landed and using routes up in this region.
Strategic
Soviet Union
Canada seeking _______ of Arctic for Northwest passage
sovereignty
Early Resource Development in Territorial North:
Millions spent exploring for _______.
minerals –> oil, lead/zinc,
Territorial North Today
• Federal government takes a portion of natural resource revenue and provide ______ payments to provide basic services the Southern Canada has.
Nunavut: ___% of its revenue comes from Ottawa.
______ (lesser/greater) dependency in Yukon/NWT.
transfer
90%
lesser
In the Northern Territories :
____% the population is aboriginal.
_______ (higher/lower) birthrate, _____(higher/lower) death rate (because they are all young)
. Migration is a huge factor.
50%
higher birthrate
lower deathrate
Economy in Northern Territories:
Hunting/______ are important (mainly cultural)
trapping
Economy in Northern Territories:
_______(increasing/decreasing) prices of furs/pelts from animal rights groups has been bad for the economy. Trapping must be supplemented with other income.
decreasing
Economy in Northern Territories:
“______ Food” - food obtained from land, preferred source of meat and fish. Alternative to costly store bought, but also intrinsic feature of______. ______ is important component in harvesting.
Country
culture
sharing
Economy in Northern Territories:
Depends heavily on primary industries for economy. These primary industries include: _____ and _____.
energy; mining
Economy in Northern Territories:
83% of work is in the _____ sector.
A characteristic of resource frontiers in modern industrial nation states.
_______ sector is almost non-existent here.
Tertiary
secondary
Economy in Northern Territories:
______ (renewable/nonrenewable) energy dominates the economy.
There are a ____(high/low) amount of exports. It is a _____(highly/not) efficient, ______ intensive industry. The industry employs a relatively _______( high/low) quantity of people and generates ______ (many/few) indirect benefits for the people.
high; highly; capital; low; few
In the Northern Territories, _____ is a huge cost - winter/ice roads are a problem for truckers of bulky commodities.
transport
Northern Territories’ Resource development problems:
o Small _____ (skilled/unskilled) work force
o Business community has Limited capacity to respond to __________
o “______ _______” : workers spend their money at home, and pay taxes at provincial home.
unskilled; megaprojects
Air Commuting
During the Klondike Gold Rush, little regard given to _______ or aboriginals.
environment
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Megaprojects require:
- > $__ Billion to complete
- several years to build
- integrates the Norths economy into the global economy → locks the north into a _______ hinterland.
1 Billion; resource
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Northwest Territories’ Diamonds in _____ diamond mining is backbone of mining industry in North
Ekati
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
o Yellowknife is the “pickup point” for commuting _____. There isn’t much cash/tax flowing out. Also a ____ (few/many) diamond cutting/polishing businesses in Yellowknife
miners; few
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Megaprojects fuel the economy of the north, and provide few benefits for the ______ [locals]
aboriginals
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Large scale megaproject operations = short term ____ (boom/bust), and they receive manufactured ______ from other areas
boom; equipment
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
•Mackenzie Valley pipeline (_____[year])
1970
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
• Norman Wells Project- drilling rig which significantly increased ___[resource] production/supply to ______ (local/southern)markets.
Did this cause social problems with the aboriginal Dene people?
oil; southern
Did not trigger social problems in the community, though Dene wished for land claims to be settled first
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Megaproject Problems:
Boom - bust : _____ [does/does not] long term economic stability
Megaprojects are based on world ______, so _______ [stable/fluctuating] prices = instability
does not;
demand;
fluctuating
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Generating bulk of the GDP, expanding ________ and infrastructure, and providing____ (high/low) wages for the people.
high; transportation
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
o Diamond industry has hope as processing of diamond gems happens in _______[city].
yellowknife
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
But Megaprojects have failed to transform the north’s _______ so far. They generate profits for corporations, they have not suppored the _______ problem
economy; unemployment
Northern Territories Megaprojects
Problem: ___ (some/all/none) the megaprojects are based on non-renewable resources. , and the benefits mainly go to firms/workers in other regions. This creates a state of underdevelopment known as a “___ ____”
all
staple trap;
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
Megaprojects are not the engine of the Northern Economy but rather the _____ ____.
Achilles heel
Northern Territories Megaprojects:
_____ are the leading industry, but if Mackenzie Gas project proceeds, ________ will become the leading resource by value.
diamonds; natural gas
