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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 9 - Articulations - PART 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Articulations - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Because the bones of the skeleton are fairly inflexible, movements can only occur at _____

A

Articulations

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2
Q

An articulation is where———connect

A

2 bones interconnect

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3
Q

An articulation is also called..

A

A joint

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways joints can be classified?

A

-by their range of motion
-the anatomical organization of the joint

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5
Q

What are the 3 categories of joints under the “range of motion” classification

A

-immovable joint (synarthrosis)
-slightly movable joint (amphiarthrosis)
-freely movable joint (diarthrosis)

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6
Q

A freely movable joint (diarthrosis) could also be called a….

A

Synovial joint

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7
Q

A synarthrosis can be ___ or ___, depending on the nature of the connection

A

Fibrous or cartilaginous

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8
Q

In _______ the 2 bones may fuse over time

A

Synarthrosis

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9
Q

Like a synarthrosis, an amphiarthrosis can also be ___ or ___

A

Fibrous or cartilaginous

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10
Q

What are the 4 joints under the anatomical organization classification?

A

-bony
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

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11
Q

All synovial joints are ——-

A

Diarthroses

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12
Q

In a newborn, the large bones of the skull are joined by fibrous connective tissue. The bones later grow, interlock, and form immovable joints. Structurally, which type of joints are these?

A

Initially, each of these joints is a syndesmosis. As the bones interlock, they form sutural joints

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13
Q

A synovial joint is surrounded by a ____ ___ (also called an ___ ___)

A

Joint capsule also called an articular capsule

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14
Q

The joint capsule contains an inner ___ ___ and an outer ___ ___

A

Inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous capsule

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15
Q

A synovial membrane consists of ___ tissue by an incomplete ___ layer

A

Areolar tissue by an incomplete epithelial layer

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16
Q

Under normal conditions, can the bony surfaces at a synovial joint contact one another? Why or why not?

A

NO because special articular cartilages cover the articulating surfaces

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17
Q

What is unique about the matrix of articular cartilage?

A

It contains more water than other cartilages

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18
Q

The surfaces of articular cartilages are __ and ___

A

Slick and smooth

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19
Q

The smooth articular cartilages are separated by a thin film of…

A

Synovial fluid within the joint cavity

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20
Q

The synovial fluid acts as a ____, minimizing ____

A

Lubricant, minimizing friction

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21
Q

If the articular cartilages are damaged, can normal synovial joint function continue?

A

NO. The matrix may begin to break down and the exposed surface will change from a slick, smooth surface to a rough abrasive one of collagen fibers. Friction at the joint is drastically increased

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22
Q

A suture is a _____ joint located only…..

A

Synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull

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23
Q

In terms of anatomical organization, a suture is ____

A

Fibrous

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24
Q

Synovial fluid resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a high concentration of _____

A

Proteoglycans

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25
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of synovial fluid

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Nutrient distribution
  3. Shock absorption
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26
Q

When part of an articular cartilage is compressed, what happens?

A

Some of the synovial fluid is squeezed out of the cartilage and into the space between the opposing surfaces. This reduces friction. When compression on the articular cartilage stops, the synovial fluid is pulled back into the articular cartilages

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27
Q

How does synovial fluid partake in nutrient distribution?

A

The synovial fluid circulates whenever the joint moves. As the synovial fluid flows through the areolar tissue of the synovial membrane, waste products are absorbed and additional nutrients are obtained by diffusion across capillary walls

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28
Q

How does synovial fluid act as a shock absorber?

A

Synovial fluid cushions joints that are subjected to compression from shocks. For example, our hip knee, and ankle joints are more severely compressed when we run, so the resulting shock is lessened as synovial fluid spreads across the articular surfaces and outward to the articular caosule

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29
Q

What are some accessory structures of synovial joints?

A

-cartilages and fat pads
-ligaments
-tendons
-bursae

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30
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint

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31
Q

Menisci can also be called __ __

A

Articulating discs

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32
Q

Fat pads are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of……

A

Synovial membrane

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33
Q

Fat pads are commonly ___ to the joint capsule

A

Superficial

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34
Q

What is the function of fat pads?

A

To protect the articular cartilges and act as a packing material for the joint

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35
Q

Accessory ligaments ____, ____, and ____ synovial joints

A

Support, strengthen, and reinforce

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36
Q

What ligaments are localized thickening of the joint capsule?

A

Intrinsic or capsular ligaments

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37
Q

____ ligaments are SEPARATE from the joint capsule

A

Extrinsic

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38
Q

Extrinsic ligaments may be ___ or ___ the joint capsule

A

Inside or outside

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39
Q

What happens in a sprain?

A

A ligament is stretched to a point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn, but the ligament as a whole survives and the joint is not damaged

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40
Q

Which heals more quickly and effectively - a torn ligament or a broken bone?
Explain

A

A broken bone because ligaments have no direct blood supply and thus must derive essential substances by diffusion

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41
Q

With excessive force, which usually breaks first - a ligament or a bone

A

A bone

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42
Q

Are tendons part of articulation?

A

No

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43
Q

Tendons passing across or around a joint may…..

A

Limit the joint’s range of motion and provide mechanical support for it

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44
Q

What are bursae?

A

Small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane

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45
Q

Where do bursae form?

A

Where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues

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46
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

To reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

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47
Q

___ ___ ___ are tubular bursae that surround tendons where they cross bony surfaces

A

Synovial tendon sheaths

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48
Q

Bursae that develop in abnormal locations, or because of abnormal stresses, are called ___ bursae

A

Adventitious

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49
Q

A joint can be both highly ___ and very ____

A

Highly mobile and very strong

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50
Q

The greater the range of motion of a joint, the ___ it becomes

A

Weaker

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51
Q

What is the strongest type of joint?

A

A synarthrosis

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52
Q

Does a synarthrosis permit movement?

A

No

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53
Q

What are 4 factors that are responsible for limiting the range of motion, stabilizing a joint, and reducing the chance of injury?

A

-the collagen fibers of the joint capsule and any ligaments
-the shapes of the articulating surfaces and menisci, which may prevent movement in specific directions
-the presence of other bones, skeletal muscles, or fat pads around a joint
-the tension in tendons attached to articulating bones

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54
Q

How is the hip joint stabilized?

A

By the shapes of the bones. (The head of the femur projects into the acetabulum), a heavy capsule, ligaments, tendons, and massive muscles

THEREFORE, THE HIP JOINT IS VERY STRONG AND STABLE

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55
Q

How does an elbow joint gain its stability?

A

From the interlocking of the articulating bones, the capsule, and associated ligaments

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56
Q

THE MORE STABLE THE JOINT, THE MORE ___ ITS RANGE OF MOTION

A

RESTRICTED

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57
Q

What is the most mobile synovial joint?

A

The shoulder joint

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58
Q

The shoulder joint relies only on these things for stability:

A

The surrounding ligaments, muscles, and tendons. It is thus fairly weak

59
Q

When reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stress, what occurs?

A

A dislocation or a luxation

60
Q

In a dislocation, the ____ ___ are forced out of position

A

The articulating surfaces

61
Q

Does the inside of a joint have pain receptors?

A

No

62
Q

The inside of a joint has no pain receptors. How is it then possible that dislocations are very painful?

A

Because nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are quite sensitive

63
Q

A partial dislocation is also called a….

A

Subluxation

64
Q

People who are “double jointed” have joints that are….

A

Weakly stabilized.
Their joints permit a greater range of motion but they are more likely to suffer partial or complete dislocations

65
Q

What are the components of a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule, articulating cartilages, synovial fluid, and various accessory structures (menisci, fat pads, bursae, ligaments, and tendons)

66
Q

Synovial joints are….

A

Freely movable joints that have a synovial cavity

67
Q

What is the synovial cavity?

A

The space between articulating surfaces of 2 bones in a joint

68
Q

What covers articulating bone surfaces?

A

Articular cartilages resembling hyaline cartilages

69
Q

What structure secretes synovial fluid?

A

The synovial membrane

70
Q

What lines the walls of the joint cavity?

A

The synovial membrane

71
Q

What accessory structure of joints allows for variation in shapes of the articulating surfaces?

A

Menisci

72
Q

Define subluxation

A

A partial dislocation of a bone from its joint

73
Q

Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid lead to the degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint?

A

Because articular cartilages lack a blood supply, they rely on synovial fluid to supply nutrients and eliminate wastes. Impairing the circulation of synovial fluid would have the same effect as impairing a tissue’s blood supply. Nutrients would not be delivered to meet the tissue’s needs, and wastes would accumulate. Damage, and ultimately the death of the cells in the tissue would result

74
Q

Gliding is an example of ____ movement

A

Linear

75
Q

What is circumduction?

A

A special type of angular movement in which the pencil tip remains stationary while the shaft (held at an angle less than 90 degrees) moves in a conical pattern to complete the circle

76
Q

What are the 4 types of articular movement

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular
  3. Circumduction
  4. Rotation
77
Q

What is the type of movement in which she shaft is vertical and the point is held at one location and the pencil is spin around its longitudinal axis?

A

Rotation

78
Q

Can any articulations rotate completely freely? Why or why not?

A

No because such a 360 degree rotation would tangle the blood vessels, nerves, and muscles that cross the joint

79
Q

An articulation that permits movement only along 1 axis is called ____

A

Monaxial

80
Q

If the pencil could undergo angular movement in the forward-backward and left-right planes, but not rotation, it would be ____

A

Biaxial

81
Q

The most mobile joints permit a combination of angular movement and rotation. These joints are said to be ____

A

Triaxial

82
Q

Gliding joints may also be called____

A

Nonaxial because they only permit small sliding movements, OR MULTIAXIAL because the sliding may occur in any direction

83
Q

Where in the body does gliding occur?

A

Between the surfaces of articulating:

-carpal bones
-tarsel bones
-between the clavicle and sternum

84
Q

What are some examples of angular movement?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, and circumduction

85
Q

Flexion ____ the angle between articulating bones

A

Decreases

86
Q

Extension ___ the angle between articulating bones

A

Increases

87
Q

When a person is in the anatomical position, all of the major joints of the axial and appendicular skeleton (except the ankle) are at full ____

A

Full extension

88
Q

Extension past the anatomical position is called….

A

Hyperextension

89
Q

Give an example of hyperextending your neck

A

Looking up at the ceiling

90
Q

What prevents the hyperextension of many joints, such as the elbow or knee?

A

Ligaments, bony processes, or soft tissues

91
Q

Abduction is movement ______ from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane

A

AWAY

92
Q

Give an example of abduction

A

Swinging the upper limb to the side

93
Q

Give some examples of adduction

A

Moving your upper limb back to its resting state
Moving spread fingers and toes back to their relaxed position

94
Q

Abduction and adduction ALWAYS refer to movements of the ____ skeleton, not the _____ skeleton

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON NOT THE AXIAL SKELETON

95
Q

Moving the arm in a loop, like you’re drawing a circle on a chalkboard, is ____

A

Circumduction

96
Q

Is there any rotation in circumduction?

A

No. Ex: your hand moves in a circle but your arm does not rotate

97
Q

Rotation of the head may involve ___ or ___ rotation

A

Left or right rotation

98
Q

Medial rotation could also be called ___ rotation or ___ rotation

A

Internal rotation or inward rotation

99
Q

The anterior surface of a limb turns towards the long axis of the trunk. What kind of rotation is this?

A

Medial rotation

100
Q

What is the reverse of medial rotation?

A

Lateral rotation

101
Q

What is pronation?

A

Turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

102
Q

What is the opposite movement of pronation?

A

Supination

103
Q

What are some special terms that apply to specific articulations or unusual types of movements?

A

-inversion
-Dorsiflexion
-opposition
-protraction
-elevation
-lateral flexion

104
Q

What is the opposite of dorsiflexion?

A

Plantar flexion

105
Q

What is inversion?

A

A twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward , elevating the medial edge of the sole

106
Q

What is opposition?

A

The movement of the thumb towards the surface of the palm

107
Q

What is the opposite of opposition?

A

Reposition

108
Q

What is protraction?

A

Moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane. Ex: grasping your upper lip with your lower teeth is protracting your jaw

109
Q

Elevation and depression occur when a structure moves in a ____ or ___ direction

A

Superior or inferior
Ex: opening your mouth

110
Q

Lateral Flexion occurs when…

A

Your vertebral column bends to the side

111
Q

Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints

112
Q

When you do jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary?

A

Lower limbs are moved away from the body’s midline - abduction
When you bring the lower limbs back together, this movement is adduction

113
Q

Which movements are associated with hinge joints?

A

Flexion and extension are movements associated with hinge joints

114
Q

Articulations between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae are called….

A

Intervertebral articulations

115
Q

Intervertebral articulations are what kind of joints?

A

Gliding joints

116
Q

Gliding joints permit…

A

Small movements associated with flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

117
Q

From axis to sacrum, the vertebrae are separated by pads of ____ called __ ___

A

Pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs

118
Q

The bodies of vertebrae form __ joints

A

Symphyseal

119
Q

Where are vertebrae fused?

A

In the sacrum and coccyx

120
Q

Since the vertebrae have fused in the sacrum and coccyx, what is not present there?

A

Intervertebral discs and symphyseal joints

121
Q

The only articulation between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae is a….

A

Pivot joint that permits much more rotation than symphyseal joints between the other cervical vertebrae

122
Q

Besides the sacrum and coccyx, where else are intervertebral discs and symphyseal joints not found?

A

Between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

123
Q

Each intervertebral disc has a sough outer layer of fibrocartilage called the….

A

Anulus fibrosus

124
Q

The collage layers of the anulus fibrosus attach the disc to…

A

The bodies of adjacent vertebrae

125
Q

The anulus fibrosus surrounds the ___ ___ which is a soft, elastic gelatinous core

A

Nucleus pulposus

126
Q

The nucleus pulposus gives the disc ____ and enables it to ___ ___

A

Resiliency and enables it to absorb shocks

127
Q

The superior and inferior surfaces of the disc are almost completely covered by ___ __ __

A

Vertebral end plates

128
Q

Vertebral end plates are composed of which 2 things?

A

Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

129
Q

Movement of the vertebral column compresses the ____ and displaces it in the opposite direction, which permits a smooth gliding movement between vertebrae while maintaining their alignment

A

Nucleus pulposus

130
Q

As we grow older, the water content of the nucleus pulposus _____

A

Decreases

131
Q

The nucleus pulposus losing its water with age leads to what effects?

A

The discs gradually become less effective as cushions and the chances of vertebral injury increase. Also causes shortening of the vertebral column, accounting for the characteristic decrease in height with advancing age

132
Q

Numerous _____ are attached to the bodies and processes of all vertebrae, binding them together and stabilizing the vertebral column

A

Ligaments

133
Q

What are the 6 intervertebral ligaments?

A

-anterior longitudinal ligament
-posterior longitudinal ligament
-ligamentum flavum
-interspinous ligament
-supraspinous ligament
-ligamentum nuchae

134
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament connects the…

A

Anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

135
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament connects the…..

A

Posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

(Parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament)

136
Q

The ligamentum flavum connects the—-

A

Laminae of adjacent vertebrae

137
Q

The interspinous ligament connects the…

A

Spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

138
Q

The supraspinous ligament interconnects the…

A

Tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

139
Q

The ligamentum nuchae extends from ___ to ____ and is continuous with the ——

A

Extends from vertebra C7 to the base of the skull and is continuous with the supraspinous ligament

140
Q

How does a slipped disc occur?

A

When the posterior longitudinal ligaments are weakened (occurs with age), the compressed nucleus pulposus may distort the anulus fibrosus, forcing it partway into the vertebral canal

141
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus and protrudes through the vertebral canal

142
Q

What 4 movements can occur across the intervertebral joints of the vertebral column?

A

-flexion (bending anteriorly)
-extension (bending posteriorly)
-lateral flexion (bending laterally)
-rotation

143
Q

Explain the physiological significance of intervertebral discs not being found in the sacrum and coccyx and between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

A

An intervertebral disc between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae would prevent rotation
The vertebrae in the sacrum and coccyx are fused to provide a firm attachment for muscles and ligaments

144
Q

Which vertebral movements are involved in:
-bending forward
-bending to the side
-moving the head to signify “no”

A

-bending forward: flexion
-bending to the side: lateral flexion
Moving the head to signify no: rotation

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

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