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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 11 - The Muscular System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Muscular System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle form bundles called _____

A

fascicles

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2
Q

The muscle fibers in a SINGLE fascicle are _____.
but __________ can vary

A

parallel

but the organization of fascicles in skeletal muscles, as well as the relationship between fascicles and the associated tendon, can vary

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3
Q

Based on the patterns of fascicle organization, skeletal muscles can be classified as ______, _____, _____, and ____

A

parallel muscles, convergent muscles, pennate muscles, and circular muscles

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4
Q

in a parallel muscle….

A

the fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle

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5
Q

Most of the skeletal muscles in the body are ____ muscles

A

parallel

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6
Q

Parallel skeletal muscles that are flat bands with broad attachments at each end are also called….

A

aponeuroses

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7
Q

Parallel skeletal muscles that are plump and cylindrical with tendons at one or both ends contains a central ____ known as the _____

A

a central body known as the belly

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8
Q

plump and cylindrical skeletal muscles represent a ____ shape

A

spindle

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9
Q

when a parallel muscle contracts, it ___ and gets ____ in diameter

A

shortens and gets larger in diameter

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10
Q

give an example of a parallel muscle in the body that contains a central body

A

biceps brachii musclw

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11
Q

The tension developed during a contraction of a parallel muscle depends on…..

A

the total number of myofibrils the muscle contains

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12
Q

a convergent muscle may pull on a ___ or a _____ OR a slender band of collagen fibers known as a ____

A

tendon or aponeurosis
RAPHE

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13
Q

What is a raphe?

A

a slender band of collagen fibers

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14
Q

Give an example of a convergent muscle

A

the pectoralis muscle of the chest

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15
Q

Convergent muscles pull in what kind of direction? what does this lead to ?

A

all different directions, meaning the contractions are not as powerful as parallel muscles

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16
Q

In a PENNATE muscle, muscle fibers pull…

A

at an angle

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17
Q

Which produces more tension - a parallel muscle or a pennate muscle?

A

a pennate muscle because it contains more myofibrils

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18
Q

pennate muscles can be _____, _____, and _____

A

unipennate, dipennate, or multipennate (triangular deltoid muscle of the shoulder)

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19
Q

a circular muscle is also called…

A

a sphincter

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20
Q

when the sphincter muscle contracts…..

A

the diameter of the opening DECREASES

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21
Q

Where is the general location of circular/sphincter muscles in the body

A

entrances and exits of internal passageways such as the digestive and urinary tracts

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22
Q

Why does a pennate muscle generate more tension than a parallel muscle of the same size?

A

A pennate muscle contains more muscle fibers, and thus more myofibrils and sarcomeres, than a parallel muscle of the same size

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23
Q

Which type of fascicle arrangement would you expect in a muscle guarding the opening between the stomach and small intestine?

A

circular/sphincter because the concentric circles of muscle fibers found in sphincters are ideally suited for opening and closing passageways and for acting as valves in the body

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24
Q

Attaching a muscle to a lever can modify the ___, ____, or ______ of movement produced by muscle contraction

A

attaching a muscle to a lever can modify the FORCE, SPEED or DIRECTION of MOVEMENT produced by the muscle contraction

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25
Q

a lever is a ___ structure that moves a ____ point called the _____

A

rigid structure that moves a fixed point called the fulcrum

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26
Q

In the body, each bone is a _____ and each joint is a _____, and _____ provide the applied force

A

each bone is a LEVER and each joint is a FULCRUM, and MUSCLES provide the applied force

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27
Q

what are the 3 classes of levers

A

1st class lever
2nd class lever
3rd class lever

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28
Q

What is a 1st class lever?

A

the Fulcrum lies between the Applied Force and the Load

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29
Q

The body as ____ first-class levers

A

FEW

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30
Q

Give a specific example of a first class lever

A

a first class lever is involved with the extension of the neck

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31
Q

what is a second-class lever?

A

the Load is located between the Applied Force and the Fulcrum

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32
Q

Give an example of a second class lever is every day life

A

a loaded wheelbarrow
-the weight is the load
-the upward lift on the handle is the applied force

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33
Q

The body has ____ second class levers

A

few

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34
Q

Give an example of a second-class lever in the body

A

ankle extension by the calf muscles (plantar flexion)

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35
Q

What are the most common levers in the body?

A

third class levers

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36
Q

what is a third-class lever?

A

a force is applied between a load and the fulcrum.

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37
Q

The effect of a third class lever is the reverse of a ___ class lever

A

seconds

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38
Q

give an example of a third class lever in the body

A

the biceps brachii muscle

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39
Q

Does every muscle operate as part of a lever system?

A

NO

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40
Q

Define a lever, and describe 3 classes of levers

A

a lever is a rigid structure that moves an a fixed point called the fulcrum.

first class lever - fulcrum lies between the applied force and load

second class lever - load lies between the applied force and fulcrum

third class lever - force is exerted between the fulcrum and load

41
Q

The joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the first cervical vertebra is part of which class of lever system?

A

1st class

the joint between the 2 bones (the fulcrum) lies between the skull (which provides the load) and the neck muscles (which provide the applies force)

42
Q

The place where on a skeletal muscle where an end is fixed to a bone, cartilage, or connective tissue is called the ____ of the muscle

A

origin

43
Q

The site where the movable end of the skeletal muscle attaches to another structure is called the _____ of the muscle

A

insertion

44
Q

The origin is typically ____ to the insertion

A

proximal

45
Q

When a muscle contracts, it produces a single ______, or movement

A

action

46
Q

Almost all skeletal muscles either originate or insert on the ______

A

skeleton

47
Q

Skeletal muscles produce movement by exerting forces on _______ which do what?

A

skeletal muscles produce movement by exerting forces on TENDONS which attach to and pull on bones causing movement

48
Q

most muscles cross at least one _____ and are attached at the ______

A

most muscles cross at least one JOINT and are attached at ARICULATING BONES

49
Q

when a muscle contracts, it draws one ____ to another

A

articulating bone

50
Q

The muscles apply the applied force needed to….

A

overcome the load

51
Q

the lever (bone) as acted on by ___ and ____

A

resistance and effort

52
Q

Can a lever change the effective strength of an applied force?

A

yes

53
Q

in a unipennate muscle….

A

the fascicles are arranged only on one side of the tendon

54
Q

in a bipennate muscle….

A

the fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendond

55
Q

in a multipennate muscle….

A

fascicles attach obliquely from many different directions to several tendons

56
Q

give an example of a unipennate muscle

A

extensor digitorum muscle

57
Q

Give an example of a bipennate muscle

A

rectus femoris muscle

58
Q

give an example of a multipennate muscle

A

deltoid muscle

59
Q

give an example of a convergent muscle

A

pectoralis muscle

60
Q

what is an agonist (or prime mover)

A

a muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a particular movement (ex: biceps brachii muscle)

61
Q

What is an antagonist muscle

A

a muscle whose action opposes that of the agonist (ex: triceps brachii)

62
Q

biceps brachii produces ___ at the elbow while triceps brachii produces ___ at the elbow

A

biceps produces FLEXION at the elbow and triceps produces EXTENSION at the elbow

63
Q

When a synergist contracts…

A

it helps a larger agonist work efficiently

64
Q

Synergists may provide ——-
or stabilize ——-

A

synergists may provide additional pull near the insertion or may stabilize the point of origi

65
Q

What are FIXATORS?

A

synergists that assist an agonist by preventing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist

66
Q

Define the term “synergist” as it relates to muscle action

A

a synergist is a muscle that helps a large prime mover (agonist) perform its actions more efficiently

67
Q

The gracilis muscle is attached to the anterior surface of the tibia at one end, and to the pubis and ischium of the pelvis at the other. When the muscle contracts, flexion occurs at the hip. WHAT ATTACHMENT POINT IS CONSIDERED THE MUSCLE’S ORIGIN?

A

The origin of a muscle is the end that remains stationary during an action. Because the muscle moves the tibia, the origin of this muscle must be on the pelvis (pubis and ischium)

68
Q

Muscle A abducts the humerus, and muscle B adducts the humerus. What is the relationship between these 2 muscles?

A

Muscles A and B are antagonists to each other, because they perform opposite actions

69
Q

The name of a muscle may include descriptive information about which 6 things?

A

-location in the body
-origin and insertion
-fascicle organization
-position
-structural characteristics
-action

70
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers are also known as ___ fibers

A

fast

71
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers are also known as ____ fibers

A

intermediate

72
Q

Slow fibers are also known as….

A

slow oxidative fiber

73
Q

what are 4 effects of aging on the muscular system?

A

-skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
-skeletal muscles become less elastic
-tolerance for exercise decreases
-the ability to recover from muscle injuries decreases

74
Q

“skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter” explain

A

this reduction in size reflects a decrease in the number of myofibrils.
also, muscle fibers contain less ATP, CP, glycogen reserves, and myoglobin

75
Q

Why does anaerobic and aerobic performance also decrease with age?

A

cardiovascular performance also decreases with age so blood flow to active muscles does not increase with exercise as rapidly as it does in younger people

76
Q

“skeletal muscle becomes less elastic”
what process is this associated with?

A

fibrosis. When aging skeletal muscles develop increasing amounts of fibrous connective tissue, making the muscles less flexible

77
Q

“tolerance for exercise decreases”
one factor that contributes to this is….

A

reduced thermoregulation with age. individuals over 65 cannot eliminate heat their muscles generate during contraction as efficiently as younger people and are thus subject to overheating

78
Q

“the ability to recover from muscle injuries decreases” explain

A

the number of satellite cells steadily decreases with age, and the amount of fibrous tissue increases. As a result, when injury occurs, repair capabilities are limited. Scar tissue formation is the usual result

79
Q

Identify the kinds of descriptive information used to name skeletal muscles

A

-location in the body
-origin and insertion
-fascicle organization
-relative position
-structural characteristics
-action

Names may also reflect the muscle shape, number of origins, and size

80
Q

What does the name “flexor carpi radialis longus” tell you about the muscle

A

-long muscle (longus)
-that lies next to the radius (radialis)
-flexes (flexor)
-the wrist (carpi)

81
Q

most running injuries involve the ____

A

knee

82
Q

running injuries are usually related to ___ ___ ___

A

faulty training techniques

83
Q

Running injuries can be treated with….

A

RICE

Rest, ice, compression, and elevation

NSAIDS

Corticosteroid injection

84
Q

Skeletal muscles in the limbs are organized in units called _____

A

compartments

85
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

some external or internal pressure constricts the structures within a compartment, resulting in damaged blood vessels and subsequent reduction of the blood supply to the structures within the compartment

86
Q

When left untreated, compartment syndrome can cause which 2 things?

A

-nerves can suffer damage
-muscles can develop scar tissue and permanent shortening of the muscles

87
Q

What is plantar fascitis

A

painful heel condition that results from chronic irritation of the plantar at its origin on the heel bone

88
Q

What is the treatment for plantar fascitis

A

ice, heat, stretching, weight loss

89
Q

To operate at maximum efficiency, the muscular system must…..

A

be supported by many other systems

90
Q

The muscular system contributes to the homeostasis of the TEN other body systems. Name them

A

-integumentary
-skeletal
-nervous
-endocrine
-cardiovascular
-lymphatic
-respiratory
-digestive
-urinary
-reproductive

91
Q

Active muscles consume ____ and generate ____ and _____

A

consume oxygen and generate carbon dioxide and heat

92
Q

The effects of exercise affect ___ other body systems:
(aside from muscular)

A

5:
cardiovascular
respiratory
integumentary
nervous
endocrin

93
Q

Explain how exercise affects the cardiovascular system

A

blood vessels in active muscles and the skin dilate, and heart rate increases. This accelerates oxygen and nutrient delivery TO and carbon dioxide REMOVAL from the muscle, and bring heat to the skin for radiation into the environment

94
Q

Explain how exercise affects the respiratory system

A

Respiratory rate and depth of respiration increase. Air moves into and out of the lungs more quickly, keeping pace with the increased rate of blood flow through the lungs

95
Q

Explain how exercise affects the integumentary system

A

blood vessels dilate, and sweat gland secretion increases. This combination increases evaporation at the skin surface and removes excess heat generated by muscular activity

96
Q

Explain how exercise affects the nervous and endocrine systems

A

The aforementioned responses of other systems are directed and coordinated through neural and endocrine (hormonal) adjustments in heart rate, respiratory rate, sweat gland activity, and mobilization of stored nutrient reserves

97
Q

Does the muscular system interact with other systems even at rest?

A

YES

98
Q

What major function does the muscular system perform for the body as a whole?

A

The muscular system generates heat that maintains normal body temperature

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

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