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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue - PART 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue consists chiefly of _____ that are highly specialized for _____

A

Muscle cells that are highly specialized for contraction

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2
Q

Our bodies contain __ types of muscle tissue:

A

3 types:
-skeletal muscle
-cardiac muscle
-smooth muscle

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3
Q

Without these 3 muscle tissues, what would happen to the body?

A

Nothing in the body could move and the body itself could not move

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4
Q

How does skeletal muscle tissue move the body?

A

By pulling on our bones

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue pushes _____ through the ____

A

Cardiac muscle tissue pushes BLOOD through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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6
Q

Smooth muscle tissue pushes ___ and ____ along the ___ tract and regulates the___ of small _____

A

Smooth muscle tissue pushes FLUIDS and SOLIDS along the DIGESTIVE tract and regulates the DIAMETERS of small ARTERIES

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles are ____ composed mainly of ___ muscle tissue, but they also contain ___ tissues, ___ and ___

A

Skeletal muscles are ORGANS composed mainly of SKELETAL muscle tissue, but they also contain CONNECTIVE tissues, NERVES, and BLOOD VESSELS

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8
Q

Each cell in a skeletal muscle tissue is a single muscle _____

A

Fiber

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9
Q

Skeletal muscles are ___ or ___ attached to the bones of the skeleton

A

Directly or indirectly

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10
Q

What are the SIX functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Produce skeletal movement
  2. Maintain posture and body position
  3. Support soft tissues
  4. Guard entrances and exits
  5. Maintain body temperature
  6. Store nutrient reserves

PMS GMS —-> HOW TO REMEMBER

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11
Q

Explain: “produce skeletal movement”

A

Skeletal muscle contractions pull on TENDONS and move the bones of the skeleton

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12
Q

Explain: “maintain posture and body position”

A

TENSION in our skeletal muscles maintain our body posture.
Without constant muscular activity, we could neither sit upright nor stand

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13
Q

Explain: “support soft tissues”

A

Layers of skeletal muscle make up the abdominal wall and the floor of the pelvic cavity. These muscle support the weight of our visceral organs and shield our internal tissues from injury

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14
Q

Explain: “guard entrances and exits”

A

Skeletal muscles encircle the openings of the DIGESTIVE and URINARY tracts. These muscles give us VOLUNTARY control over swallowing, defecation, and urination

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15
Q

Explain: “maintain body temperature”

A

Muscle contractions use energy. Whenever energy is used in the body, some of it is converted to heat. The heat released by working muscles keeps body temp in the range needed for normal functioning

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16
Q

Explain: “store nutrient reserves”

A

The contractile proteins in skeletal muscles are broken down when our diet contains too few proteins/calories.
Their amino acids are released into circulation. The liver can use some of these amino acids to synthesize glucose, and the other amino acids could be broken down to provide energy

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17
Q

Skeletal muscles encircle the openings of which 2 tracts?

A

The digestive and urinary tracts

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18
Q

Skeletal muscles give us voluntary control over which 3 things?

A

Swallowing, defecation, and urination

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19
Q

Muscle contractions use ____

A

Energy

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20
Q

Whenever energy is used in the body…..

A

Some of it is converted to heat

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21
Q

When contractile proteins in skeletal muscles are broken down, the amino acids can serve in which 2 places?

A

The amino acids are released into circulation.
1. The liver can use some of the amino acids to synthesize glucose
2. The others can be broken down to provide energy

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22
Q

Each muscle has ___ layers of connective tissue

A

3

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue from most outer to most inner?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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24
Q

The epimysium is a ____ layer of ____ tissue that surrounds…..

A

The epimysium is a DENSE layer of CONNECTIVE tissue that surrounds THE ENTIRE MUSCLE

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25
Q

The epimysium separates the ___ from the ____

A

Muscle from nearby tissues and organs

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26
Q

The epimysium is connected to the——-

A

Deep fascia, a dense connective tissue layer

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27
Q

The perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into…..

A

A series of compartments

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28
Q

The perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments. Each compartment contains…..

A

A bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle

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29
Q

In addition to ___ and ___ fibers, the perimysium contains ___ and ____

A

In addition to COLLAGEN and ELASTIC fibers, the perimysium contains BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES

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30
Q

Each fascicle receives….

A

Branches of these blood vessels and nerves

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31
Q

Within a fascicle, the delicate connective tissue of the ______ surrounds the individual _______ and loosely interconnects adjacent muscle fibers

A

Within a fascicle, the delicate connective tissue of the ENDOMYSIUM surrounds the individual SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

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32
Q

What is another word for a muscle fiber?

A

A skeletal muscle cell

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33
Q

(Epimysium, perimysium, or endomysium) which consists of flexible, elastic connective tissue?

A

The endomysium

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34
Q

The endomysium contains which 3 things?

A
  1. Capillary networks that supply blood to the muscle fibers
  2. Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that take part in the repair of damaged muscle tissue
  3. Nerve fibers that control the muscle
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35
Q

What is unique about the 3 structures in the endomysium?
(Capillaries, myosatellite cells, nerve fibers)

A

They are all in direct contact with the individual muscle fibers (skeletal muscle cells)

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36
Q

Which contain collagen fibers - epimysium, perimysium, or endomysium?

A

ALL 3

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37
Q

What happens at each end of a muscle?

A

The collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and the endomysium come together to form a bundle known as a TENDON or a broad sheet called an APONEUROSIS

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38
Q

What are the similarities and differences between a tendon and an aponeurosis?

A

Similarity: both are formed when the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium meet at each end of the muscle. BOTH ATTACH SKELETAL MUSCLE TO BONE

Differences: A TENDON is a BUNDLE and an aponeurosis is a BROAD SHEET

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39
Q

How to tendons and aponeuroses attach muscle to bone?

A

Where they contact the bone, the collagen fibers extend into the bone matrix, providing a firm attachment

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40
Q

Why is it that any contraction of the muscle pulls on the attached bone?

A

Tendons and aponeuroses attach skeletal muscle to bone. They form at the end of each side of a muscle and are made up of collagen fibers which extend into the matrix of bones, providing a firm attachment from muscle to bone

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41
Q

The connective tissues of the _____ and ____ contain the blood vessels that supply the ______

A

ENDOMYSIUM and PERIMYSIUM

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42
Q

Muscle contraction requires…..

A

Tremendous quantities of energy

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43
Q

An extensive vascular network delivers the necessary ___ and ____ and carries away the metabolic _____ generated by active skeletal muscles

A

OXYGEN and NUTRIENTS, metabolic WASTES

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44
Q

Within the endomysium, what structure supplies blood to a capillary network that services the individual muscle fibers?

A

Arterioles

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45
Q

Do blood vessels and nerves generally enter the muscle together?

A

Yes

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46
Q

Skeletal muscles contract only when…..

A

The central nervous system stimulates them

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47
Q

Axons are….

A

Nerve fibers extending from the cell

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48
Q

Explain where axons are in relation to the 3 layers of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Axons are nerve fibers extending from the cell. They penetrate the epimysium, branch through the perimysium, and enter the endomysium to innervate individual muscle fibers

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49
Q

Skeletal muscles are often called ______ muscles because….

A

Voluntary muscles because we have voluntary control over their contractions

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50
Q

Can skeletal muscles be controlled at the subconscious level?

A

Yes

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51
Q

Explain how skeletal muscles could be controlled at the sobs=conscious level

A

Skeletal muscles involved with breathing, such as the diaphragm, usually work outside of our conscious awareness

52
Q

In which layer of skeletal muscle tissue are fascicles found?

A

The perimysium

53
Q

How would severing the tendon attached to a muscle affect the muscle’s ability to move that body part?

A

Because tendons attach muscle to bones, severing the tendon would disconnect the muscle from the bone, and so the muscle could not move that body part

54
Q

Why are skeletal muscles quite different from the “typical” cell as described in chapter 3? (2 reasons)

A

-Skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are enormous
-Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated

55
Q

The genes in the many nuclei of a skeletal muscle cell do what?

A

They control the production of enzymes and structural proteins required for normal muscle contraction

56
Q

During development, groups of embryonic cells called ______ fuse, forming individual, multinucleate skeletal muscle fibers

A

Myoblasts

57
Q

Each nucleus in a skeletal muscle cell reflects the contribution of a single…..

A

Myoblast

58
Q

Do all myoblasts fuse with developing muscle fibers?

A

No

59
Q

What happens to the unfused (to muscle fibers) myoblast cells?

A

They remain in adult skeletal muscle tissue as myosatellite cells

60
Q

What is the function of myosatellite cells?

A

After injury, myosatellite cells may enlarge, divide, and fuse with damaged muscle fibers, thereby assisting in repair of the tissue

61
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

62
Q

The sarcolemme surrounds the _____

A

Sarcoplasm

63
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

64
Q

Like other plasma membranes, the sarcolemma has a characteristic _________

A

Transmembrane potential

65
Q

Why does a trans membrane potential exist?

A

Due to the unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the membrane

66
Q

What is the first step that leads to contraction?

A

A sudden change in the trans membrane potential

67
Q

All regions of a skeletal muscle cell must contract….

A

At the same time

68
Q

Since all regions of the muscle cell must contract at the same time, how must this be accomplished?

A

The signal to contract must be distributed very quickly throughout the interior of the cell

69
Q

The signal to contract is conducted through….

A

The transverse tubules (T tubules)

70
Q

Describe the structure and location of the transverse tubules

A

Narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend deep into the sarcoplasm. They are filled with extracellular fluid and form passageways through the muscle fiber

71
Q

The T tubules have the same general properties as the….

A

Sarcolemma

72
Q

Explain how electrical impulses trigger muscle fiber contraction

A

Since the T tubules and the sarcolemma have the same general properties, electrical impulses conducted by the sarcolemma travel along the T tubules into the cell interior

73
Q

What are the electrical impulses that trigger contraction called?

A

Action potentials

74
Q

Inside each muscle fiber are hundreds to thousands of cylindrical structures called________

A

Myofibrils

75
Q

What is the function of Myofibrils?

A

They can actively shorten and are responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction

76
Q

Branches of _____ encircle each muscle fibril

A

T tubules

77
Q

Myofibrils consist of bundles of protein filaments called _______

A

Myofilaments

78
Q

Myofibrils contain ___ types of myofilaments

A

2

79
Q

What are the 2 types of myofilaments contained in Myofibrils?

A

Thin filaments - composed primarily of actin
Thick filaments - composed primarily of myosin

80
Q

Myofibrils also contain ___ elastic myofilaments associated with the ____ filaments

A

TITIN, associated with the thick filaments

81
Q

What structures can actively shorten and are responsible for muscle fiber contraction?

A

Myofibrils

82
Q

Where are the Myofibrils anchored?

A

To the inner surface of the sarcolemma

83
Q

The outer surface of the sarcolemma is attached to….

A

Collagen fibers of the tendon or aponeurosis of the skeletal muscle

84
Q

When the Myofibrils contract…..

A

The entire cell shortens and pulls on the tendon

85
Q

Described what is anchored to the inner and outer surface of the sarcolemma and how this is related to muscle contraction

A

Inner surface = Myofibrils attached
Outer surface = collagen fibers of the tendon or aponeurosis

Therefore, when Myofibrils contract, it causes the entire cell to shorten and pull on the tendon

86
Q

Scattered among the Myofibrils are _____ and _____

A

Mitochondria and granules of glycogen

87
Q

What 2 things provide energy in the form of ATP for short-duration, maximum-intensity muscular contractions?

A

Mitochondrial activity (respiration) and glucose breakdown by glycolysis

88
Q

What structure forms a tubular network around each individual Myofibril?

A

The SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

89
Q

The Sarcoplasmic reticulum is similar to the ____ endoplasmic reticulum of other cells

A

Smooth

90
Q

Wherever a T tubule encircles a Myofibril, the tubule is tightly bound to….

A

The Sarcoplasmic reticulum

91
Q

On either side of the T tubule, the tubules of the SR ____, ____, and form expanded chambers called _____

A

On either side of the T tubule, the tubules of the SR ENLARGE, FUSE, and form expanded chambers called TERMINAL CISTERNAE

92
Q

Pair of terminal cisternae + a T tubule is known as a….

A

Triad

93
Q

Most cells pump their calcium ions ____ their plasma membrane and _____ their extracellular fluid

A

Most cells pump their calcium ions OUT their plasma membrane and INTO their extracellular fluid

94
Q

How do skeletal muscle fibers remove calcium ions from the sarcoplasm?

A

By actively transporting them to the terminal cisternae of the SR

95
Q

is the calcium ion concentration higher inside the cisternae or in the surrounding sarcoplasm?

A

Inside the cisternae

96
Q

A muscle contraction begins where…..

A

Stored calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm. These ions then diffuse into individual contractile units called Sarcomeres

97
Q

Myofilaments are bundles of ___ and ____ filaments. Myofilaments are organized into repeating functional units called _____

A

Myofilaments are bundles of THIN and THICK filaments. Myofilaments are organized into repeating functional units called SARCOMERES

98
Q

What are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber?

A

The Sarcomeres

99
Q

What is responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Interactions between the thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments of Sarcomeres

100
Q

A Myofibril consists of approximately _____ sarcomeres end to end

A

10,000

101
Q

A Sarcomere contains which 4 things?

A
  1. Thick filaments
  2. Thick filaments
  3. Proteins that stabilize the position of the thin and thick filaments
  4. Proteins that regulate the interactions between thin and thick filaments
102
Q

What accounts for the BANDED appearance of each Myofibril?

A

Differences in the size, density, and distribution of thin and thick filaments

103
Q

Each sarcomere has dark bands called ____ and light bands called ____

A

Dark bands called A bands
Light bands called I bands

104
Q

How are the names “A band” and “I band” derived?

A

ANISOTROPIC and ISOTROPIC
(Refers to their appearance when used using a polarized light microscope)

105
Q

A bands are ___ filaments and appear _____

A

A bands are THICK filaments and appear DARK

106
Q

I bands are ___ filaments and appear _____

A

I bands are THIN filaments and appear LIGHT

107
Q

THICK filaments are at the ____ of each sarcomere

A

Center

108
Q

The A band also contains portions of….

A

Thin filaments and contains 3 subdivisions

109
Q

The A band contains _____ subdivisions:

A

3 subdivisions:
1. The M line
2. The H band
3. The zone of overlap

110
Q

Describe the M line of the A band

A

Proteins of the M line connect the central portion of each thick filament to neighboring thick filaments. They help stabilize the position of thick filaments

111
Q

Describe the H band

A

The H band is the lighter region on each side of the M line. The H band contains THICK filaments and NO thin filaments

112
Q

Describe the zone of overlap

A

Dark region where thin filaments are located between the thick filaments.
3 thick filaments surround each thin filament.
6 thin filaments surround each thick filament

113
Q

Between M line, H band, and the zone of overlap, which is the lightest region?

A

The H band

114
Q

Between M line, H band, and the zone of overlap, which contains thin filaments?

A

The zone of overlap

115
Q

Calcium ions released by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum enter the regions of a sarcomere where…..

A

Thick and thin filaments can interact. (Zone of overlap?)

116
Q

The I band contains ___ filaments

A

THIN filaments - no thick filaments

117
Q

The I band extends from……

A

The A band of 1 sarcomere to the A band of the next sarcomere

118
Q

______ mark the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres

A

Z lines

119
Q

The Z lines consist of proteins called ______

A

Actinins

120
Q

What do actinin proteins do?? They make up what structure?

A

Actinin proteins make up Z lines.
Actinin proteins interconnect thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

121
Q

At both ends of a sarcomere, thin filaments extend from…..

A

The Z line towards the M line and into the zone of overlap (NOT IN H ZONE OR M LINE)

122
Q

Strands of the elastic protein _____ extend from the tips of the thick filaments to attachment sites at the Z line

A

TITIN

123
Q

What is the function of the elastic protein TITIN?

A

Titin helps to keep the thin and thick filaments in proper alignment and aids in restoring resting sarcomere length after contraction. Also helps the muscle fiber resist extreme stretching that would disrupt the contraction mechanism

124
Q

What is another name for the bands seen on a muscle fiber?

A

Striations

125
Q

What accounts for the bands seen on the muscle fiber as a whole?

A

All Z lines are aligned in such a way.

Each Z line is surrounded by a meshwork of intermediate filaments that interconnect adjacent Myofibrils. The Myofibrils closest to the sarcolemma, in turn, are bound to attachment sites on the inside of the membrane

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

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