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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 6 - (part 1) Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - (part 1) Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system includes…

A

bones of the skeleton, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize/interconnect bones

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2
Q

What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?

A

-Support
-Storage of minerals and lipids
-Blood cell production
-Protection
-Leverage

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3
Q

Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for…

A

the attachment of soft tissues and organs

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4
Q

What are minerals?

A

INorganic ions that contribute to the osmotic concentration of body fluids

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5
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

A

Calcium

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6
Q

Several minerals are important as…

A

enzyme cofactors

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7
Q

The bones of the skeletal system reserve energy in the form of ______ in areas filled with ______

A

form of lipids in areas filled with yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in…

A

red bone marrow

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9
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

Fills the internal cavities of many bones

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10
Q

bones protect…

A

soft tissues and organs

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11
Q

Name some specific skeletal structures and which soft tissue/organ they protect.

A

-Skull protects brain
-Ribs protect heart&lungs
-Vertebrae shield the spinal cord
-Pelvis protects digestive and reproductive organs

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12
Q

Describe “leverage”

A

Many bones function as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles

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13
Q

All of the features and properties of the skeletal system ultimately depend on the unique and dynamic properties of…

A

bone

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14
Q

A bone may be classified by its ____ or its_____

A

general shape or internal tissue organization

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15
Q

What are the 6 categories of bone when classified by SHAPE?

A

-Sutural bones
-Irregular bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
-Long bones
-Sesamoid bones

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16
Q

Sutural bones are also called ____ bones

A

Wormian

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17
Q

Describe the shape/location of sutural bones.

A

small, flat, irregular shaped bones. Found between the flat bones of the skull.

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18
Q

Describe the size range for sutural bones

A

can range from a grain of sand to as wide as a quarter

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19
Q

Describe the shape/location of irregular bones

A

complex shapes with short, flat ridged surfaces. Found in the spinal vertebrae, bones of pelvis, some skull bones

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20
Q

Describe the shape/location of short bones

A

Small and boxy. Carpal bones (wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles)

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21
Q

Describe the shape/location of flat bones

A

thin, parallel surfaces. roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

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22
Q

What is the FUNCTION of flat bones?

A

provide PROTECTION for underlying soft tissues and provide surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Describe the shape/location of long bones

A

Fairly long and slender. arm, forearm, thigh, leg, palms, soles, fingers, toes

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24
Q

What is the largest and heaviest bone in the body? What shape is it?

A

femur - long bone

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25
Q

Describe the shape/location of sesamoid bones

A

small, flat, somewhat shaped like a sesame seed. Patella, inside tendons, near joints at the knees, hands, feet

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26
Q

Of the 6 shapes of bones, which has the most variability in location and abundance among individuals? What does this difference account for?

A

Sesamoid. This accounts for disparities in the total number of bones among individuals

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27
Q

What are “bone markings?”

A

Surface features such as elevations, depressions, grooves, tunnels

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28
Q

What is significant about bone markings?

A

They can yield significant anatomical information

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29
Q

What is the term for an extended tubular shaft?

A

diaphysis

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30
Q

At each end of the femur bone is an expanded area known as the…

A

epiphysis

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31
Q

The diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis at a narrow zone known as the…

A

metaphysis

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32
Q

The wall of the diaphysis consists of a layer of…

A

compact bone (dense bone)

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33
Q

What is another name for dense bone?

A

compact bone

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34
Q

Compact bone is relatively_____.

A

solid

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35
Q

Compact bone forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space called the ______.

A

medullary cavity

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36
Q

What is another name for the medullary cavity?

A

marrow cavity

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37
Q

The epiphyses consist largely of….?

A

spongy bone

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38
Q

What is another name for spongy bone?

A

cancellous/trabecular bone

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39
Q

Spongy bone consists of an open network of ___ and ____ that resembles _____ with a thin covering, or ____ of compact bone

A

struts and plates, resembles latticework with a thin covering, or cortex, of compact bone

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40
Q

The superficial layer covering spongy bone is also known as…

A

cortical bone

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41
Q

Bone marking could have 3 functions. What are they?

A

-Passage of blood and nerves
-Joint formation
-Muscle attachment

42
Q

Parietal bones of the skull are ____ bones

A

flat

43
Q

A flat bone resembles a ….? explain

A

spongy bone sandwich.
Layers of compact bone covering a core of spongy bone

44
Q

Within the cranium, the layers of spongy bone between the layers of compact bone is called the ____

A

Diploe

45
Q

Although red bone marrow is present within the spongy bone, there is no_____ as in the diaphysis of a long bone

A

Spongy bone has no large medullary cavity

46
Q

Osseous tissue is what classification of tissue?

A

Supporting connective tissue

47
Q

Like other connective tissues, osseous tissue contains a matrix composed of ___ and ____

A

Extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

48
Q

Describe the matrix of bone tissue and why it has these characteristics

A

Matrix is solid and sturdy due to the deposition of calcium salts around the protein fibers

49
Q

The matrix of bone tissue contains cells called ____ within pockets called ___

A

Osteocytes contained in pockets called lacunae

50
Q

The lacunae of bone are typically organized around ____?

A

Blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix

51
Q

What are the narrow passageways in the bone matrix that extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels?

A

Canaliculi

52
Q

What is the purpose of canaliculi?

A

Forms a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gasses

53
Q

What covers the outer surface of bones? Where is the exception to this rule?

A

Periosteum. Everywhere except at joints

54
Q

Describe the structure of the periosteum

A

Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

55
Q

What molecule accounts for almost 2/3 the weight of bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

56
Q

Approximately 1/3 the weight of bone is ..?

A

Collagen fibers

57
Q

Calcium phosphate interacts with ____ to form crystals of _____

A

Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

58
Q

Cells only account for about __% of the mass of a typical bone

A

2%

59
Q

Which can tolerate twisting better - calcium phosphate crystals or collagen fibers

A

Collagen fibers

60
Q

Which offer better resistance to compression - Calcium phosphate crystals or collagen fibers?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals. When collagen fibers are compressed, they simply bend out of the way

61
Q

Is the composition of the matrix the same in both compact bone and spongy bone?

A

YES

62
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals form on….

A

Collagen fibers

63
Q

The protein crystal combination that forms on collagen fibers enable bone to…

A

Be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering

64
Q

What is the most abundant type of cell in the bone?

A

Osteocytes

65
Q

Bone contains 4 types of cells:

A

-Osteocytes
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoprogenitor cells
-Osteoclasts

66
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population in bone. Each osteocyte occupies a lacuna

67
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix

68
Q

What are the “layers of matrix” called in a lacuna?

A

Lamellae

69
Q

Can osteocytes divide?

A

NO

70
Q

Each lacunae can only contain 1 osteocyte (T/F)

A

TRUE

71
Q

Neighboring osteocytes are linked by what kind of junctions?

A

Gap junctions

72
Q

What 2 things enable nutrients/waste products to pass from osteocyte to osteocyte?

A

Gap junctions and interstitial fluid

73
Q

What are the 2 major functions of osteocytes?

A
  1. Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
  2. Participate in the repair of damaged bone
74
Q

Osteocytes can convert to a less specialized type of cell, such as a ___ or a ____ to participate in the repair of damaged bone

A

Osteoblast or osteoprogenitor cell

75
Q

What do osteoblasts do? What is this process called?

A

Osteoblasts produce new bone matrix. This process is called ossification

76
Q

What is another word for ossification?

A

Osteogenesis

77
Q

Before calcium salts are deposited, the organic matrix is called….

A

Osteioid

78
Q

Osteoblasts have the ability to produce ___ to ____. HOW?

A

Osteoblasts have the ability to produce bone from osteoid by elevating local concentration of calcium phosphate above its solubility, triggering the deposition of calcium salts to the organic matrix

79
Q

How do osteocytes develop?

A

Osteocytes develop from osteoblasts that have been completely surrounded by bone matrix

80
Q

What are the mesenchymal cells in bones called?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

81
Q

What kind of epithelium are osteoprogenitor cells

A

Squamous stem cells

82
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells divide to produce daughter cells that will differentiate into..?

A

Osteoblasts

83
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells maintain the population of ______ and thus are important in the repair of a fracture

A

Osteoblasts

84
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located in the bone? (3 places)

A

-In the inner, cellular layer of the periosteum
-in the inner layer (endosteum) that lines the medullary cavities
-in the lining of passageways containing blood vessels that penetrate the matrix of compact bone

85
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

To remove and recycle bone matrix

86
Q

Of the 4 types of bone cells, which is the largest?

A

Osteoclasts

87
Q

Osteoclasts can contain ___or more nuclei

A

50

88
Q

What stem cells are osteoclasts derived from?

A

The same stem cells that produce monocytes and macrophages

89
Q

Are osteoclasts related to Osteoprogenitor cells or their descendants?

A

NO

90
Q

Osteoclasts secrete which 2 things? What do these things do?

A

Osteoclasts secrete acids and proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes. These dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals

91
Q

The erosion process carried out by osteoclasts is called ____ or _____

A

Osteolysis or resorption

92
Q

Why is osteolysis important?

A

Important in the regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids

93
Q

In living bone, ____ are constantly removing matrix and _____ are constantly adding it

A

Osteoclasts are removing matrix and osteoblasts are adding to it

94
Q

What happens when osteoclasts remove calcium salts faster than osteoblasts deposit them?

A

Bones weaken

95
Q

What happens when osteoblast activity predominates over osteoclast activity?

A

Bones become stronger and more massive

96
Q

Bone building cells are…

A

Osteoblasts

97
Q

Bone-resorting cells are…

A

Osteoclasts

98
Q

What is calcification?

A

Process of crystallization of mineral salts within collagen fibers of extracellular matrix.

99
Q

What initiates calcification?

A

Osteoblasts

100
Q

In fetus and newborn, all marrow is___. With age, some ___ marrow is replaced with ___ marrow.

A

In fetus and newborn, all marrow is red. With age, some red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

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