Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 7 - Part 1 - The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Part 1 - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The human skeleton consists of ____ bones grouped into ____ divisions:

A

206 bones grouped into 2 divisions:
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The skull consists of ____ bones and _____ bones

A

Cranial bones and facial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The skull contains ____cranial bones and ____ facial bones

A

8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the bones ASSOCIATED with the skull?

A

6 auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The vertebral column consists of ______ vertebrae as well as the ___ and the ____

A

24 vertebrae as well as the sacrum and the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The thoracic cage consists of ____ bones. Divide them

A

Thoracic cage has 25 bones. 24 ribs and 1 sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the 3 categories of the axial skeleton

A

Skull and associated bones (29)
Thoracic cage (25)
Vertebral column (26)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Altogether, the skull contains ____ bones

A

22 - 8 cranial and 14 facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List 3 places that the skull protects

A

-the brain
-entrances to the respiratory system
-entrances to the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The 8 cranial bones form the _____ aka the _____

A

Braincase aka the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the 14 facial bones of the skull?

A

Protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

There are ____ facial bones and ____ facial bones

A

Superficial facial bones and deep facial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The axial skeleton forms the _____ axis of the body

A

Longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The axial skeleton provides a framework that supports and protects the _____, ______ and the _____ in the subdivisions of the ______ body cavity

A

The axial skeleton provides a framework that supports and protects the BRAIN, SPINAL CORD and the ORGANS in the subdivisions of the VENTRAL body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The axial skeleton always provides an extensive _______ for the attachment of _______

A

SURFACE AREA for the attachment of MUSCLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LIST 3 FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES IN THE AXIAL SKELETON

A
  1. Adjust the positions of the head, neck, and trunk
  2. Perform respiratory movements
  3. Stabilize positions or parts of the appendicular skeleton, which supports the limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The joints of the axial skeleton are strong and heavily supported by ______

A

Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identify the bones of the axial skeleton

A

Thoracic cage - sternum and 24 ribs
Skull - 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
Associated bones of the skull - 6 auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone
Vertebral column - 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the primary functions of the axial skeleton

A

The axial skeleton provides a:
-framework that supports and protects organs
-extensive surface area for muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The bones of the skull protect ___ and guard ______

A

Protect the brain and guard the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The skull contains ____ bones:
____ form the _____
____ are associated with the _____

A

The skull contains 22 BONES
8 form the CRANIUM (braincase)
14 are associated with the FACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do the facial bones protect?

A

The facial bones protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the purpose of the SUPERFICIAL facial bones

A

Provide surface area for muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of the DEEP facial bones

A

To help separate the oral and naval cavities from the nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The connections between the skull bones of adults are _______ joints called _____

A

Immovable joints called sutures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the largest and strongest facial bone?

A

The mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the movable skull bones?

A

The mandible and the middle ear bone (auditory ossicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous-membrane lined cavities.
Used as resonating (echo) chambers to enhance the voice and increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and moisten it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Many different centers of ____ are involved in the formation of the skull

A

Ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

As development proceeds, the centers _____, producing a _____ number of _____

A

As development proceeds, the centers FUSE, producing a SMALLER number of COMPOSITE BONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

At birth, the cranial bones are connected by…..

A

Areas of fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The largest fibrous area between the cranial bones are called…..

A

Fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fontanelles are _____ filled spaces

A

Mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fontanelles are present at birth. When do they close up?

A

6 months - 2 years after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The ____ fontanelle is often referred to as “the soft spot”

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why does the anterior fontanelle pulse as the heart beats?

A

Because it is composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers a major blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which grows quicker - the infant skull or the adult skull?

A

The infant skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The infant skull has many ___ ___

A

Ossification centers

41
Q

Is fusion of the infant skull complete at birth?

A

NO

42
Q

What bones of the skull are unfused at birth?

A

2 frontal bones
4 occipital bones
Several sphenoidal and temporal elements

43
Q

How do fontanelles help in the birth process?

A

They allow the skull to flex during birth

44
Q

Even after the fontanelles disappear, are the bones still separated by fibrous connective tissue?

A

Yes

45
Q

When will a skull become abnormal in shape and/or size?

A

If one or more sutures form before the brain stops growing

46
Q

Define fontanelle, and identify the major fontanelles

A

A fontanelle is a relatively soft, flexible, fibrous region between 2 flat bones in the developing skull. Major fontanelles:
-anterior fontanelle
-occipital fontanelle
-sphenoidal fontanelle
-mastoid fontanelle

47
Q

What purpose does a fontanelle serve?

A

Because they are not ossified at birth, fontanelles permit the skull to change shape during childbirth, and they allow for growth of the brain during infancy and early childhood

48
Q

The hyoid bone supports the ____ and is situated at the top of the ____

A

The hyoid bone supports the TONGUE and is situated at the top of the LARYNX

49
Q

What bone is the “tailbone”

A

The coccyx

50
Q

The vertebral column consists of ____ bones:

A

26 bones:
24 vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

51
Q

The vertebrae provide a column of _____, bearing the weight of the _____, _____, and ____ and ultimately transferring the weight to…..

A

SUPPORT, head, neck, and trunk, and ultimately transferring the weight to the appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs

52
Q

Is the vertebral column straight and rigid?

A

No

53
Q

How many spinal curves are there? LIST THEM

A

4:

  1. Cervical curve
  2. Thoracic curve
  3. Lumbar curve
  4. Sacral curve
54
Q

The thoracic and sacral curves are also called ____ curves

A

Primary curves

55
Q

Why are the thoracic and sacral curves also called primary curves/accommodation curves?

A

Because they appear late in fetal development

Accommodation curves because they accommodate the abdominopelvic and throcic viscera

56
Q

Secondary curves develop ____ birth

A

After

57
Q

The ___ and ___ _curves are known as secondary curves

A

Lumbar and cervical

58
Q

Secondary curves could also be called ___ curves

A

Compensation

59
Q

Explain why its called a “compensation curve”

A

They help shift the weight to maintain an upright posture

60
Q

Most of our body weight lies ___ to the vertebral column

A

Anterior

61
Q

When you stand, the weight of your body must be transmitted where?

A

Through the vertebral column to the hips and ultimately to the lower limbs

62
Q

What is the purpose of the various curves of the spine?

A

To bring weight in line with the body axis to prevent discomfort

63
Q

From bottom to top - state the 4 spinal curves

A

Bottom:
Sacral
Lumbar
Thoracic
Cervical
Top

64
Q

The cervical curve helps to balance the weight of ——
The lumbar curve helps to balance the weight of——

A

Cervical —- weight of the head
Lumbar —- weight of the trunk over the lower limbs;develops with the ability to stand

65
Q

What is the importance of the secondary curves of the spine?

A

The secondary curves of the spine allow us to balance our body weight on our lower limbs with minimal muscular effort. Without the secondary curves, we would not be able to stand upright for extended periods

66
Q

What is a “spinous process”

A

Projects posteriorly - can see and feel through the skin

67
Q

Kyphosis is abnormal ____ curvature

A

Thoracic curve becomes exaggerated posteriorly

68
Q

Lordosis is exaggerated ____ curvature

A

Lumbar

69
Q

Scoliosis is abnormal ______ curvature of the spine

A

Lateral

70
Q

The vertebral column is divided into 5 regions:

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral
-coccygeal

71
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

72
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

73
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

74
Q

The thoracic vertebrae support the ____

A

Ribs

75
Q

What are the longest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

The lumbar vertebrae

76
Q

Which vertebrae support the body’s weight?

A

The lumbar vertebrae

77
Q

The sacrum and coccyx are ___ in shape

A

Triangular

78
Q

The sacrum is composed of ____ vertebrae that begin to fuse together between ages ___ and ___ and ends at age _____

A

The sacrum is composed of FIVE vertebrae that begin to fuse together between ages 16 and 18 and ends at age 30

79
Q

The sacrum is part of the ___ ___

A

Pelvic girdle

80
Q

The coccyx is composed of ____ vertebrae that that fuse together between ___ and___ years of age

A

The coccyx is composed of FOUR vertebrae that fuse together between 20 and 30 years of age

81
Q

The thoracic vertebrae form the ___ portion of the back while the lumbar vertebrae form the ___ portion of the back

A

Thoracic = superior portion of the back
Lumbar = inferior portion of the back

82
Q

The sternum is also called…..

A

The breastbone

83
Q

The sternum is divided into 3 segments:

A

The manubrium, the middle body, and the lower xiphoid process

84
Q

The 3 bones of the sternum usually fuse by….

A

25 years of age

85
Q

The sternum articulates with the __ and the ___

A

Clavicles and the costal cartilages from the ribs

86
Q

Why does the vertebral column of an adult have fewer vertebrae than that of a newborn?

A

Because the 5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form a single sacrum, and the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form a single coccyx

87
Q

Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae so large?

A

The lumbar vertebrae must support a great deal more weight than do vertebrae that are more superior in the spinal column. The large vertebral bodies allow the weight to be distributed over a larger area

88
Q

The thoracic cage is also known as the…

A

Chest

89
Q

The thoracic cage as a whole serves 2 functions:

A
  1. Protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures in the thoracic cavity
  2. It serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in RESPIRATION, MAINTENANCE OF THE POSITION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND MOVEMENTS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMBS
90
Q

Each person, regardless of sex, have __ pairs of ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs

91
Q

The first 7 pairs of ribs are called….

A

True ribs

92
Q

Why are the 1st 7 pairs of ribs called the true ribs?

A

Because their cartilage is directly connected to the sternum

93
Q

The next 5 pairs of ribs are called false ribs because…..

A

Their cartilage is indirectly connected to the sternum or not connected at all

94
Q

Ribs originate __ and end ___

A

Ribs originate on or between the thoracic vertebrae and end in the wall of the thoracic cavity

95
Q

The last 2 pairs of ribs are actually called ___ ribs because…..

A

Floating ribs because they have no connection with the sternum

96
Q

How are true ribs distinguished from false ribs?

A

True ribs are attached directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilage. False ribs either do not attach to the sternum (floating ribs) or attach by means of a common costal cartilage (vertebrochondral ribs)

97
Q

improper CPR can result in a fracture of which bones?

A

The sternum or ribs

98
Q

What are the main differences between vertebrosternal ribs and vertebrochondral ribs

A

Vertebrosternal ribs (true ribs) attach directly to the sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs fuse together and merge with the costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 and then with the cartilages of rib pair 7 before they reach the sternu,m

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions