Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 6 - Part 2 - Osseous Tissue And Bone Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Part 2 - Osseous Tissue And Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic functional unit of mature compact bone?

A

Osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is another name for an osteon?

A

Haversian system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the osteocytes in an osteon arranged?

A

In concentric layers around a central canal (aka Haversian canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Haversian (central) canal contains one or more…..
What does this do?

A

The Haversian canal contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood too and from the osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normally, the Haversian (central) canal contains which 2 blood vessels?

A

A capillary and a venue (a very small vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Central (Haversian) canals generally run ____ to the surface of bone

A

Parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which passageway extends PERPENDICULAR to the surface of bone?

A

Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood vessels in perforating canals supply blood to….

A

Osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure forms the “bullseye” in a transverse section of compact bone?

A

The central (Haversian) canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure creates the “target like” pattern in a transverse section of compact bone?

A

The lamellae of each osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What fills in the spaces between osteons in compact bone?

A

Interstitial lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interstitial lamellae is made up of….

A

Remnants of osteons whose matrix components have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are circumferential lamellae found?

A

At the outer and inner surfaces of bone , where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When are interstitial lamellae and circumferential lamellae produced?

A

During their growth of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is compact bone the thickest?

A

Where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are compact bones so strong when stressed along the axis of alignment?

A

All osteons in compact bone are aligned the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does the diaphysis of a long bone not bend when forces are applied on either side?

A

Because the osteons in the diaphysis are parallel to the long axis of the shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is it relatively easy for compact bone to snap?

A

When there is a sudden SIDEWAYS force such as a fall or a car accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does the lamellae of spongy bone contain osteons?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The matrix in spongy bone forms a mesh work of supporting bundles of fibers called..

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are there any capillaries or venules in the matrix of spongy bone?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in spongy bone if there are no blood vessels?

A

By diffusion through canaliculi that open onto the surfaces of trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone?

A

red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A

where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many different directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What property of bone makes it easy for muscle to move bones?

A

spongy bone is very light - reduces the weight of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The framework of trabeculae supports and protects the cells of the _______

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In which particular areas does spongy bone contain red bone marrow?

A

The epiphyses of long bones, and the interior of other large bones (such as sternum and ilium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is responsible for blood cell formation?

A

red bone marrow

29
Q

Spongy bone can also contain_____

A

yellow bone marrow

30
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Adipose tissue that is important as an energy reserve

31
Q

Does compression occur on the medial or lateral side of the shaft of a long bone?

A

medial

32
Q

Does tension occur on the medial or lateral side of the shaft of a long bone?

A

lateral

33
Q

What structure opens on the surface of trabeculae?

A

canaliculi

34
Q

Does the presence of a medullary cavity reduce a bone’s strength?

A

NO

35
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones EXCEPT within joint cavities

36
Q

Describe the layers of the periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer, cellular inner layer

37
Q

What are 3 functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. Isolate the bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply
  3. Participate in bone growth and repair
38
Q

Near joints, the periosteum becomes continuous with __________ that lock the bones together

A

connective tissues

39
Q

At a synovial joint, the periosteum is continuous with…..

A

the joint capsule

40
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity

41
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue that forms a sleeve around a joint

42
Q

The fibers of the periosteum are interwoven with those of…

A

the tendons attached to the bone

43
Q

What are perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers?

A

Collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons, ligaments, and the superficial periosteum

44
Q

Are perforating fibers stronger or weaker than most?

A

VERY STRONG

45
Q

Demonstrate an example to prove that perforating fibers are stronger than even a bone

A

An extremely powerful pull on a tendon or ligament will usually break a bone rather than snap the collagen fibers at the bone surface

46
Q

The endosteum is a _____ that lines the ____

A

the endosteum is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

47
Q

When is the endosteum active?

A

during bone growth, repair, and remodeling

48
Q

The endosteum covers the ______ and lines the inner surfaces of the ______

A

The endosteum covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals

49
Q

Describe the STRUCTURE of the endosteum.

A

Simple, flattened layer of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells that covers the bone matrix

50
Q

Where the cellular layer of the endosteum is not complete, what is exposed?

A

The matrix

51
Q

What can happen at these exposed sites of matrix?

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts can remove or deposit matrix components

52
Q

The osteoclasts generally occur in shallow ______ called _____

A

shallow depressions called osteoclastic crypts

53
Q

Compare the structures and functions of compact bone and spongy bone

A

Compact bone consists of osteons (haversian systems) with little space between them. Compact bone lies over spongy bone and makes up most of the diaphysis. It functions to PROTECT, SUPPORT, AND RESIST STRESS

Spongy bone consists of trabeculae with numerous red marrow-filled spaces. Spongy bone makes up most of the structure of flat, short, and irregular bones and in the EPIPHYSES of long bones. Spongy bones function in storing marrow and providing some support

54
Q

A sample of bone has lamellae, which are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample most likely taken from the diaphysis or epiphysis?

A

epiphysis

55
Q

The bony skeleton begins to form about ____ weeks after fertilization

A

6 weeks

56
Q

What determines the size and proportions of our body?

A

the growth of the skeleton

57
Q

Portions of the skeleton generally do not stop growing until about the age of ____

A

25

58
Q

What are the 2 terms that refer specifically to the formation of bone?

A

ossification and osteogenesis

59
Q

What is calcification?

A

The deposition of calcium salts

60
Q

Can calcification occur during ossification?

A

yes

61
Q

When calcification occurs in tissues other than bone, what is the result?

A

a calcified tissue (such as calcified cartilage) that does not resemble bone.

62
Q

What are the 2 major forms of ossification?

A

endochondral ossification
intramembranous ossification

63
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone replaces existing cartilage

64
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

bone develops directly from mesenchyme OR fibrous connective tissue

65
Q

What kind of tissue is mesenchyme(dont say stem)

A

loosely organized embryonic tissue

66
Q

During development, most bones originate as ______

A

hyaline cartilage

67
Q

Consider: embryo is 6 weeks old. Proximal bone of a limb is present but consists entirely of hyaline cartilage. This cartilage models grows by ______ growth (when cartilage matrix expands) and ____ growth (production of new cartilage at the outer surface)

A

interstitial - expansion of cartilage matrix
appositional - production of new cartilage at the outer surface

68
Q

When bones grow in LENGTH it is ____ growth

A

interstitial

69
Q

When bones grow in diameter it is ____ growth

A

appositional

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions