Chapter 11 - The Muscular System - REVIEW

Question 1

The bundles of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle are called….

Answer 1

fascicles

Question 2

Levers make muscle action more versatile by which 4 things?

Answer 2

1. Changing the speed of movement produced by an applied force
2. Changing the distance of movement produced by an applied force
3. Changing the strength of an applied force
4. Changing the direction of an applied force

Question 3

The more movable end of a muscle is the ______

Answer 3

insertion

Question 4

List the 4 fascicle organizations that produce the different patterns of the skeletal muscle

Answer 4

-Parallel
-Convergent
-Pennate
-Circular (sphincter)

Question 5

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 5

An aponeurosis is a collagenous sheet connecting 2 muscles.

Question 6

Give an example of an action that illustrates a second class lever

Answer 6

ankle extension (plantar flexion)

Question 7

Can compartment syndrome result from pulled tendons in the muscles of a given compartment?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

can compartment syndrome result from torn ligaments in a given compartment?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

can compartment syndrome result from compressing a nerve in the wrist?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

Can compartment syndrome result from torn muscles in a particular compartment?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

A _____ develops when an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening

Answer 11

hernia

Question 12

Elongated bursae that reduce friction and surround the tendons that cross the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wrist form_____

Answer 12

synovial tendon sheaths

Question 13

The muscles of the vertebral column include many dorsal extensors but few ventral flexors. Why?

Answer 13

The vertebral column does not need a massive series of flexors, because many of the large trunk muscles flex the vertebral column when they contract. In addition, most of the body’s weight lies anterior to the vertebral column, and gravity tends to flex the intervertebral joints

Question 14

Why does a convergent muscle exhibit more versatility when contracting than a parallel muscle?

Answer 14

In a convergent muscle, the direction of pull can be changed by stimulating only one group of muscles at any one time. When all the fibers contract at once, they do not pull as hard on the tendon as would a parallel muscle of the same size, because the muscle fibers on opposite sides of the tendon are pulling in different directions rather than working together

Question 15

Why would a pennate muscle generate more tension than a parallel muscle of the same size?

Answer 15

A pennate muscle contains more muscle fibers, and thus more myofibrils and sarcomeres than a parallel muscle of the same size, resulting in a contraction that generates more tension

Question 16

Why is it difficult to lift a heavy object when the elbow is at full extension?

Answer 16

Lifting heavy objects becomes easier as the elbow approaches a 90 degree angle. As you increase the angle at or near full extension, TENSION PRODUCTION DECLINES, so movement becomes more difficult

Question 17

Which type of movements are affected when the hamstring is injured?

Answer 17

When the hamstrings are injured, flexion at the knee and extension at the hip are affected

Question 18

What are the 3 terms of naming to describe fascicle organization

Answer 18

rectus, transversus, and oblique

Question 19

Rectus means “_____” and involves _____ muscles

Answer 19

rectus means “straight” and involves PARALLEL MUSCLES

Question 20

Transversus means ______ and oblique means ______

Answer 20

transversus means ACROSS
oblique means SLANTING

Question 21

What is innervation?

Answer 21

the distribution of nerves to a region of origin

Question 22

Many muscles of the head and neck are innervated by ______ nerves

Answer 22

cranial

Question 23

What is another word for a complex network of nerves

Answer 23

plexus