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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 8 - The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The bones of the appendicular skeleton are appended to….

A

The bones of the axial skeleton

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2
Q

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the _____ and supporting elements, or _____, that connect them to the trunk

A

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the LIMBS and supporting elements, or GIRDLES, that connect them to the trunk

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3
Q

Which skeleton protects vital organs and participates in vital functions such as respiration?

A

The axial skeleton

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4
Q

Which skeleton lets us move from place to place and manipulate objects?

A

The appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

126

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6
Q

What does it mean to “articulate”

A

Form a joint

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7
Q

Each arm forms a joint with the trunk at the……

A

Pectoral girdle

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8
Q

The pectoral girdle consists of…

A

2 “s” shaped clavicles and 2 broad, flat scapulae

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9
Q

The pectoral girdle is also called the ____ girdle

A

Shoulder

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10
Q

The pectoral girdle connects the ___ to the ____

A

Arms to the body

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11
Q

The pectoral girdle positions the _____

A

Shoulder

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12
Q

The pectoral girdle provides a base for ___ ____

A

Arm movement

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13
Q

Where does the pectoral girdle connect with the axial skeleton?

A

Only at the manubrium

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14
Q

The clavicles are also called……

A

Collarbones

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15
Q

The clavicles originate at the _____ and articulate with the _____

A

Originate at the manubrium and articulate with the scapulae

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16
Q

The scapula is also known as the ___ ___

A

Shoulder blade

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17
Q

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a ___ bone located in the _____ part of the _____ thorax between the ____ and ____ ribs

A

FLAT bone located in the SUPERIOR part of the POSTERIOR thorax between the SECOND and SEVENTH ribs

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18
Q

The _____ cavity of the scapula is the attachment point for the ___ bone

A

The GLENOID cavity of the scapula is the attachment point for the HUMERUS bone

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19
Q

The appendicular skeleton can be divided into _____ categories:

A

4 categories:
Pectoral girdle (4)
Upper limbs (60)
Pelvic girdle (2)
Lower limbs (60)

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20
Q

How many pectoral girdles are there?

A

Two- each with one clavicle and one scapula

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21
Q

Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula?

A

The clavicle attaches the scapula to the sternum, thereby restricting the scapula’s range of movement. When the clavicle is broken, the scapula has a greater range of movement and is less stable

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22
Q

Which bone articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity?

A

The head of the humerus

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23
Q

The upper limbs consist of the ____, _____, _____, and _____ (body parts NOT specific bones)

A

Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

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24
Q

Name the bones of the upper limbs

A

Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)

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25
Q

The carpal bones are the bones of the ____

A

Wrist

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26
Q

The metacarpal bones are the bones of the _____

A

Hand

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27
Q

The phalanges (when referring to upper limbs) are the bones of the ______

A

fingers

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28
Q

Is the radius or ulna closest to our body?

A

The ulna

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29
Q

The humerus articulates with the—-

A

Pectoral girdle

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30
Q

The forearm is also called the _______

A

Antebrachium

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31
Q

The forearm consists of __ __ bones

A

2 long bones:

The radius and the ulna

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32
Q

The ulna is ____ and the radius is ____

A

The ulna is medial and the radius is lateral

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33
Q

The humerus articulates with the ____ proximally and with the ____ and ___ distally

A

Scapula proximally
Radius and ulna distally

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34
Q

The ____ and ____ at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch

A

Olecranon and the coronoid process

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35
Q

The olecranon and the coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the _____

A

Trochlear notch

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36
Q

What is the trochlear notch?

A

Wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making up the elbow joint

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37
Q

What allows the forearm to rotate?

A

The articulation of the head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus and with the ulna allow the forearm to rotate

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38
Q

The carpal (wrist) bones are connected to each other by ______

A

Ligaments

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39
Q

How are the carpal bones arranged?

A

2 rows of 4 bones each
(On either side)

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40
Q

The carpal bones consist of 2 rows with 4 bones each.
What are the 2 categories?

A

One row of 4 proximal carpal bones
One row of 4 distal carpal bones

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41
Q

What are the 4 proximal carpal bones?

A

The scaphoid, the lunate, the triquetrum, and the pisiform

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42
Q

What are the 4 distal carpal bones?

A

The trapezium, the trapezoid, the capitate, and the hamate

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43
Q

The proximal row of carpal bones articulates with the….

A

Distal radius and ulna

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44
Q

The distal row of carpal bones articulates with the….

A

Metacarpal bones

45
Q

The five metacarpals (hand bones) make up the ___ and ____

A

Palm and the back of the hand

46
Q

The metacarpal bones are numbered I-V starting with the ___

A

Thumb

47
Q

The bases of the metacarpals articulate with the——

A

Distal carpals

48
Q

The HEADS of the metacarpals articulate with the——-

A

Proximal phalanges

49
Q

There are ____ phalanges (1 hand)
The thumb contains _____, while the other 4 fingers contain ____ each

A

There are 14 phalanges in one hand. The thumb contains 2 while the other 4 fingers contain 3 each

50
Q

The rounded projections on either side of the elbow are parts of which bone?

A

The lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus

51
Q

How many bones are in the pelvic girdle?

A

2 hip bones (1 on each side)

52
Q

The 2 hip bones are also called the ____ bones

A

Coxal bones

53
Q

Each hip bone is made up of ___ ___ ___

A

THREE FUSED BONES

54
Q

What are the 3 fused bones that make up the hip bone?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

55
Q

The ilium articulates with the _____

A

The sacrum

56
Q

The pelvic girdle is especially strong to serve which 2 functions?

A

To bear body weight and the stress of movement

57
Q

The medial surfaces of the hip bones are interconnected by a pad of _____ at a joint called the——

A

The medial surfaces of the hip bones are interconnected by a pad of FIBROCARTILAGE at a joint called the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

58
Q

The pubic symphysis is located in the gap between the….

A

Pubic tubercles

59
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

A space that is closed by a sheet of collage fibers whose inner and outer surface provides a firm base of attachment for muscles of the hip

60
Q

The obturator foramen is formed by the __ and the ____

A

Ischial and pubic rami

61
Q

What is the place of attachment for the hip muscles?

A

The obturator foramen t

62
Q

The pelvis consists of which 3 things?

A

2 coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx

63
Q

What is the pelvis stabilized by?

A

Ligaments of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

64
Q

There is a __ and ____ pelvis

A

True and false pelvis

65
Q

The true pelvis encloses….

A

The pelvic cavity

66
Q

What forms the pelvic outlet?

A

The perineum region

67
Q

The false pelvis consists of…

A

The blades of the ilium above the articulate line

68
Q

Some of the differences in shape between the male and female pelvis is the result of….

A

Variations in body size and muscle mass

69
Q

In females the pelvis is generally ____er and _____er and has ___-____ markings

A

Smoother, lighter, and has less prominent markings

70
Q

Name 6 differences between a male pelvis and a female pelvis

A

Females have:

-an enlarged pelvic outlet
-a broader pubic angle (greater than 100 degrees)
-less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx
-a wider, more circular pelvic inlet
-a broad pelvis that does not extend as far superiorly “a low pelvis”
-ilia that project further laterally, but do not extend as far superior as the sacrum

71
Q

What hormone is produced throughout pregnancy that stimulates modifications for childbearing

A

Relaxin

72
Q

The pelvic girdle is made up of ___ ___ bones (____ bones) that articulate with the sacrum _____ly

A

The pelvic girdle is made up of TWO HIP BONES (coxal bones) that articulate with the sacrum POSTERIORLY

73
Q

EACH HIP BONE IS MADE UP OF ____ INDIVIDUAL BONES:

A

3 individual bones:
The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis (pubic bone)

74
Q

The 2 hip bones articulate ____ly at the pubic bones

A

Anteriorly

75
Q

There is a disc of fibrocartilage between the 2 ___ bones

A

Hip bones

76
Q

The 3 individual bones in one hip bone FUSE by the age of ____

A

23

77
Q

The head of the femur articulates with the _____of the hip bone as a ball and socket joint

A

Acetabulum

78
Q

What is the acetabulum composed of?

A

Parts of all 3 of the bones that make up the hip bone

79
Q

The pelvis is divided into a superior and inferior portions by the….

A

Pelvic brim

80
Q

The pelvic brim is where the ___ meets the ___ ___

A

The pelvic brim is where the ABDOMEN meets the PELVIC CAVITY

81
Q

The area of the bony pelvis SUPERIOR to the pelvic brim is known as the ____ pelvis

A

False (greater) pelvis

82
Q

The female pelvis is ___ and ___ than that of a male

A

Wider and shallower

83
Q

What are 2 functions of the lowest limbs?

A

Weight bearing and motion

84
Q

Name the bones of the pelvic girdle

A

The paired hip bones known as the coxal bones or pelvic bones

85
Q

Which 3 bones make up a hip bone?

A

The ilium, ischium, and pubis

86
Q

A newborn passes through the ___ during delivery

A

Pelvic outlet

87
Q

When you are seated, which part of the pelvis supports your body weight?

A

The ischial tuberosities

88
Q

How many bones make up the lower limbs?

A

60

89
Q

Name the 60 classes of bones in the lower limbs

A

Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Fibula (2)
Tarsal bones (14)
Metatarsal bones (10)
Phalanges (28)

90
Q

The TARSALS are the ___ bones

A

Ankle bones

91
Q

The metatarsals are the _____ bones

A

Foot

92
Q

The phalanges are the ___ bones (when referring to the lower limbs)

A

Toes

93
Q

What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?

A

The femur (thigh bone)

94
Q

The proximal head of the femur articulates into the….

A

Acetabulum of the hip bone

95
Q

The distal end of the femur articulates with the __ and __

A

Tibia and patella

96
Q

What is the triangular bone that develops in the quadriceps tendon?

A

Patella

97
Q

The patella articulates on its ___ surface with the femur

A

Posterior

98
Q

What is the shin bone?

A

The tibia

99
Q

What is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament?

A

The tibial tuberosity

100
Q

What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?

A

To support the weight of the body, provide leverage while walking, and to distribute the body’s weight over the foot

101
Q

What are the 2 arches of the foot?

A

The longitudinal arch and the transverse arch

102
Q

What is the condition called in which normal arches are lost or never form?

A

Flatfeet

103
Q

Extension of the ankle is also known as __ __

A

Plantar Flexion

104
Q

What position are you in during planar Flexion?

A

Tiptoe

105
Q

The fibula neither participates in the knee joint nor bears weight. When it is fractured, however, walking becomes difficult. Why?

A

The fibula is an important point of attachment for many leg muscles. When the fibula is fractured, these muscles cannot function properly to move the leg, and walking is difficult and painful. The fibula also helps to stabilize the ankle joint

106
Q

10 year old joey lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. Which foot bone is most likely broken?

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)

107
Q

Which foot bone transmits the weight of the body from the tibia towards the toes?

A

The talus

108
Q

An anthropologist discovered several bones in a deep grave. After visual inspection and careful measurements, what sort of information could the bones reveal?

A

A persons age, sex, muscular development, nutritional state, handedness, occupation, plus other information relative to the medical history

109
Q

Do bone markings tend to be more prominent in males or females?

A

Males

A&P Exam 2 (19 decks)

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