Chapter 9

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

System of communication

Question 2

Grammar

Answer 2

Set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

Question 3

Phoneme

Answer 3

Smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than a random noise (consonant sounds)

Question 4

Morpheme

Answer 4

Smallest meaningful units of language (to… aka words)

Question 5

6 months

Answer 5

Age Babies can start to understand phonemes

Question 6

Deep structure

Answer 6

Meaning of a sentence

Question 7

Surface structure

Answer 7

How a sentence is worded

Question 8

First words occur….

Answer 8

At age 10-12 months

Question 9

Fast mapping

Answer 9

Fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Question 10

Two-word speech

Answer 10

Occurs around 24 months of age. Learning grammar

Question 11

By 3 years….

Answer 11

Children can generate complete simple sentences

Question 12

4-5 years of age….

Answer 12

Many aspects of the language acquisition process are complet e

Question 13

Behaviorist explanations….

Answer 13

State that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation.
Although, parents spend little time teaching language. Children generate more than simply what they hear. The errors made cannot be explained through conditioning or imitation

Question 14

Nativist explanations…

Answer 14

Argue that language is innate; more evidence converges on this theory

Question 15

Nativist theory

Answer 15

Language development is best. Explained as an innate biological

Question 16

Language is harder to learn….

Answer 16

After puberty

Question 17

Interactions explanations….

Answer 17

Social interactions play a crucial role in language

Question 18

Aphasia

Answer 18

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Question 19

Heuristics

Answer 19

Fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached

Question 20

Availability bias

Answer 20

Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Question 21

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 21

When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event

Question 22

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 22

Making a probability judgement by comparing an object or even to a prototype of the object or event

Question 23

Framing effects

Answer 23

When people give difference answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (framed)

Question 24

Sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 24

People make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Question 25

Prospect theory

Answer 25

People choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Question 26

Optimism bias

Answer 26

Human decision making often reflects the effects of optimism bias wherein positive events are expected more than negative ones

Question 27

Broca’s area

Answer 27

Language production

Question 28

Wernickes area

Answer 28

Comprehension of language

Question 29

Heuristic

Answer 29

Fast and efficient strategy to facilitate decision making

Question 30

Types of heuristics

Answer 30

Availability boas, conjunction fallacy, representatives heuristics