Chapter 9 Flashcards
Language
System of communication
Grammar
Set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than a random noise (consonant sounds)
Morpheme
Smallest meaningful units of language (to… aka words)
6 months
Age Babies can start to understand phonemes
Deep structure
Meaning of a sentence
Surface structure
How a sentence is worded
First words occur….
At age 10-12 months
Fast mapping
Fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
Two-word speech
Occurs around 24 months of age. Learning grammar
By 3 years….
Children can generate complete simple sentences
4-5 years of age….
Many aspects of the language acquisition process are complet e
Behaviorist explanations….
State that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation.
Although, parents spend little time teaching language. Children generate more than simply what they hear. The errors made cannot be explained through conditioning or imitation
Nativist explanations…
Argue that language is innate; more evidence converges on this theory
Nativist theory
Language development is best. Explained as an innate biological
Language is harder to learn….
After puberty
Interactions explanations….
Social interactions play a crucial role in language
Aphasia
Difficulty in producing or comprehending language
Heuristics
Fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached
Availability bias
Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
Conjunction fallacy
When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event
Representativeness heuristic
Making a probability judgement by comparing an object or even to a prototype of the object or event
Framing effects
When people give difference answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (framed)
Sunk-cost fallacy
People make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
Prospect theory
People choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Optimism bias
Human decision making often reflects the effects of optimism bias wherein positive events are expected more than negative ones
Broca’s area
Language production
Wernickes area
Comprehension of language
Heuristic
Fast and efficient strategy to facilitate decision making
Types of heuristics
Availability boas, conjunction fallacy, representatives heuristics
