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Psychology 111 > Chapter 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory is?

A

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

3 key functions of memory

A

Encode- process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory, store- maintaining information in memory over time, and retrieve- process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded. And stored

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3
Q

What gets encoded?

A

Semantic coding- process of actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory, visual imagery encoding- process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures, organizational encoding- process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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4
Q

Survival-encoding

A

Survival encoding yields better memory.

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5
Q

What type of encoding yields better memory?

A

Survival-encoding

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6
Q

Sensory storage

A

Iconic memory- fast decaying store of visual information

Echoic memory- fast decaying store of auditory information

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7
Q

Short-term storage

A

Storage that holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute. It can hold 7 items

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8
Q

Types of short term storage

A

Rehearsal- process of keeping information in STM by mental repeating it

chunking- combining small pieces of information into larger clusters/chunks that are more easily held in STM

working memory- STM storage that actively maintains information

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9
Q

Long-term memory

A

Storage that holds for hours, days, weeks, or years. No known capacity.

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10
Q

Hippocampus’ role in memory

A

‘Indexes’ information to make memory concrete

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11
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new information form the short-term store into the long-term store

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12
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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13
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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14
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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15
Q

What is the process of putting new information into memory?

A

Encoding

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16
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

The fact that the best recall is when we put something into the context of our own lives

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17
Q

Mnemonics

A

Acronyms that can be used to help memorize information

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18
Q

Method of loci

A

Associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

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19
Q

Where is short term memory housed?

A

The hippocampus

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20
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory and explicit (declarative) memory

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21
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Memories that require conscious recall. Divided into semantic memory and episodic memory

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22
Q

No declarative memory

A

Consists of our skills and conditioned responses

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23
Q

Semantic memory

A

Declarative memory type that involves all of the facts that we know

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24
Q

Episodic memory

A

Explicit memory type that involve our experiences

25
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

Process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs later recall of related items

26
Q

Suggestibility

A

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

27
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Phenomenon that spacing out the time between “relearning” helps later recall

28
Q

Persistence

A

The intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget

29
Q

Flashbulb effect

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we hard about shocking events

30
Q

Confabulation

A

Process of creating vivid but fabricated memories

31
Q

Consolidation

A

Process by which memories become stable in the brain. Takes place in the hippocampus

32
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidate again

33
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

34
Q

Retrieval cue

A

External information associated with stored information that helps bring that information to mind

35
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

Process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

36
Q

Explicit memory

A

Act of cobsoiusnesly or intentionally retrieving past experiences

37
Q

Implicit memory

A

Influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

38
Q

Procedural memory

A

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice

39
Q

Priming

A

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activiation

40
Q

Semantic memory

A

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

41
Q

Episodic memory

A

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

42
Q

Collaborative memory

A

How people share in groups

43
Q

Transience

A

Memories fade (they are transient)

44
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations where information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

45
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations where information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

46
Q

Absent mindedness

A

Lapse in attention results in memory failure

47
Q

Blocking

A

Failure to retrieve

48
Q

Memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

49
Q

Source memory

A

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

50
Q

False recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

51
Q

Suggestibility

A

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

52
Q

Bias

A

Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

53
Q

Consistency bias

A

Tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present

54
Q

Change bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

55
Q

Egocentric bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate the change between the past and the present in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

56
Q

Persistence

A

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

57
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

58
Q

7 sins of memory

A

Misattribution, persistence, bias, suggestibility, false recognition, blocking, absent mindedness

Psychology 111 (14 decks)

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