Chapter 10: Developement Flashcards
Germinal stage
2-week period that begins at conception; brief lifetime of zygote
Zygote
Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
Embryonic stage
Period that lasts from 2nd week until the 8th week
Fetal stage
Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth
Myelination
Formulation of a fat sheath around the axons of a neuron begins
Womb
Environment that affects an unborn baby in many ways
Teratogens
Agents that pass from mother and impairs process of development
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
Infancy
Birth to 18/24 months
Motor development
Emergence of the ability to execute physical action
Motor reflexes
Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
Cephalocaudal rule
Top to bottom rule that describes learning of motor skills (head down)
Cognitive development
Emergence of the ability to think and understand
Jean Paiget
Suggested 4 stages of cognitive development in children
Sensorimotor
Birth-2years. Infant experiences getting used to the world and increasing dexterity
Preoperational
2-6 years. Child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties
Concrete operational
6-11 years. Child can think logically about physical objects and events and understand conservation of physical properties
Formal operational
11 years +. Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals
Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years)
Schemas, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence
Schemas
Theories about or models of the way the world works
Assimilation
Process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
Accommodation
Process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
Object permanence
Idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
Egocentrism
Failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers
Perceptions and beliefs
3 year olds fail to realize that other people don’t see or know what they know
Theory of mind
Understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior
Lev Vygotsky
Believed that children develop through interactions with members of their own culture
Vygotsky 3 skills to learn…
Joint attention, social referencing, imitation
Join attention
Ability to focus on what another person is focused on
Social referencing
Ability to use another persons reactions as information about how to think about the world
Imitation
Ability to do what another person does
Harry Harlow (monkeys)
Put baby monkeys with a plush mom and a wire mom, and gave wire mom food. They always try to stay with plushy soft mom. Reached over to eat from wire mom
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
John bowlby
Infants innately channel their signals to primary caregivers to form attachment
Attachment
Emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers. Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
Strange situation
Behavioral test developed by Mary ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style
Temperaments
Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
Piaget children’s morality
Reclaims to relativism, prescriptions to principles, outcomes to intentions
Kohlberg stages
Developed a theory of three stages in moral development
Preconventional stage (Childhood)
Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
Conventional stage (adolescence)
Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Postconventional stage (adults)
Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Adolescence
Period of development that beings with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)
Puberty
Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
Adulthood
Stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death
