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OBHR > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Decision

A

The choice made from 2 or more alternatives

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2
Q

Problem

A

Discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring consideration of alternative courses of action

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3
Q

Oppurtunity

A

occurs when something unplanned happens, giving rise to new thoughts about new ways of proceeding

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4
Q

Rational Decision Making

A

Makes consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints

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5
Q

Six Steps of rational decision-making model

A
  1. Define Problem
  2. Identify Criteria
  3. Allocate weights to criteria
  4. Develop alternatives
  5. Evaluate alternatives
  6. select the best alternative
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6
Q

What are the assumptions of the rational decision making model?

A
  • problem clear and unambigious
  • decision maker can identify all relevant criteria and available options
  • criteria and alternatives can be ranked and weighted
  • specific decision criteria is constant and assigned weights are stable
  • no time or cost constraints so full info is available
  • Choice alternative will yield the highest perceived value
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7
Q

How do individuals actually make decisions?

A
  • bounded rationality
  • satisficing
  • intuition
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8
Q

What are some judgment shortcuts?

A
  • Overconfidence Bias
  • Anchoring Bias
  • Confirmation Bias
  • Availability Bias
  • Escalation of Commitment
  • Randomness Error
  • Risk Aversion
  • Hindsight Bias
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9
Q

What are the strengths of group decision making?

A
  • more complete knowledge/info
  • increased diversity of views
  • generates higher quality decisions
  • leads to increased acceptance of solution
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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of group decision making?

A
  • time consuming
  • conformity pressures in group
  • discussion can be dominated by one/ few members
  • decisions suffer from ambiguous responsibility
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11
Q

what are the 4 measures of effectiveness?

A
  • Accuracy
  • Speed
  • Creativity
  • Acceptance
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12
Q

Groupthink

A

Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal for the alternative course of action

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13
Q

Groupshift

A

Phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated towards a more extreme position

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14
Q

Symptoms of groupthink

A
  • illusion of invulnerability
  • assumption of morality
  • rationalized resistance
  • peer pressure
  • minimized doubt
  • illusion of unanimity
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15
Q

How to minimize groupthink?

A
  • monitor group size
  • Encourage group leaders to play an impartial role
  • appoint one member to play devil’s advocate
  • stimulate active discussion of diverse views to encourage dissenting discussion and more objective evaluations
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16
Q

What causes groupshift?

A
  • Discussion which creates familiarity among group members
  • group discussion motivates individuals to take risk
  • group diffuses responsibility
17
Q

Group Decision making techniques

A
  • interacting groups
  • brainstorming
  • nominal group technique
  • electronic meetings
18
Q

What is creativity?

A

process of creating products, ideas or procedures that are novel or original and are potentially relevant or useful to an organization

19
Q

Who has the greatest creative potential?

A

intelligent, openness to experience, independent, self confidence, risk-taking, positive core self evaluation, low need for structure, persevere, tolerant of ambiguity

20
Q

How does mood influence creativity?

A

positive mood helps

avoidance- oriented and active negative moods hinder

21
Q

What organizational factors affect creativity?

A

Challenge, Freedom, Resources, Work-group features, Supervisory encouragement, Organizational support

22
Q

What can hinder creativity?

A

expected evaluation, surveillance, External Motivators, Competition and constrained choice

23
Q

What are the 4 criterion for making ethical decisions?

A

Utilitarian - greatest good for greatest number of people
Rights - consistent with fundamental liberties and freedoms (i.e those protected by charter of rights and freedoms) protects whistleblowers
Justice - impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so there is an equitable distribution of benefits and costs
Care - decision that express care for protecting special relationships and individual has with others

24
Q

What is entailed in the pre-conventional stage of moral development?

A
  1. following rules only when doing so is in your immediate interest
  2. sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment
25
Q

What is entailed in the conventional stage of moral development?

A
  1. maintaining conventional order by fulfilling obligations to which you have agreed
  2. living up to what is expected by people close to you
26
Q

What is entailed in the principled stage of moral development?

A
  1. following self-chosen principles even if they conflict with the law
  2. Valuing rights of others and upholding absolute values regardless of the majority’s opinion

OBHR (11 decks)

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