Chapter 9 Flashcards
aorta
largest artery, receives blood from left ventricle and branches all over the body
artery
vessel that carries blood away from heart, all arteries except the pulmonary and umbilical carry oxygenated blood.
arteriole
small vessel that carries blood from arteries to capillaries
atrioventricular (AV) node
small mass in right atrium that passes impulses from the SA node toward ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) valve
valve between the atrium and ventricle on both sides of heart.
right = tricuspid valve
left = mitral valve
atrium
entrance chamber to heart
AV bundle
band of fibers that transmit impulses
blood pressure
force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
bundle branches
Branches of the AV bundle that divide into left and right sides of the interventricular septum
capillary
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged through blood and the tissues
cardiovascular system
Heart & blood vessels
depolarization
a change in electrical charge from resting state in nerves/muscles
diastole
Relaxation phase of heartbeat
electrocardiography
ECG. Study of electrical current of heart as detected by electrodes on the surface of the body.
endocardium
Thin membrane that lines chambers of heart and covers the valves
epicardium
thin, outermost layer of the heart wall
functional murmur
normal sound produced by heart
heart
muscular organ with 4 chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood around the body via blood vessels.
heart rate
beats (contractions) per minute = bpm
heart sounds
Sounds produced as heart functions. Loudest are the alternate closing of the valves; S1 and S2
inferior vena cava
large inferior vein that brings low 02 blood from lower half of body to the right atrium of the heart
left AV valve
Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
mitral or bicuspid valve
mitral valve
Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
left AV valve or bicuspid valve
myocardium
Thick middle layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle
pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding heart
pulmonary artery
vessel that carries blood from right side to lungs
pulmonary circuit
system of vessels that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart
pulmonary veins
vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart
pulmonary valve
valve at entrance to pulmonary artery
pulse
wave of increased pressure in vessels each time the ventricles contract
purkinje fibers
carry impulses through walls of ventricles
repolarization
return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves and muscles
right AV valve
valve between right atrium and right ventricle (tricuspid valve)
septum
a wall dividing two cavities (wall between chambers of heart)
sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm
sinoatrial SA node
small mass in right atrium that initiates impulse for each heartbeat (pacemaker)
sphygmomanometer
an instrument for determining arterial blood pressure
superior vena cava
large superior vein that brings blood low in 02 to back to right atrium from upper body
systemic circuit
system of vessels that bring oxygenated blood from left side of heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to right side of heart
systole
contraction phase of heartbeat cycle
valve
structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
vein
vessel that carries blood back to heart, all except the pulmonary vein and umbilical vein care low oxygenated blood
ventricle
small cavity, one of the two lower pumping chambers of the heard
venule
small vessel that carries blood from capillaries to veins
vessel
tube or duct to transport fluid
cardi/o
heart
atri/o
atrium
ventricul/o
cavity, ventricle
valv/o
valve
valvul/o
valve
angi/o
vessel
vas/o
vessel, duct
vascul/o
vessel, duct
arter/o
artery
arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
aort/o
aorta
ven/o
vein
ven/i
vein
phleb/o
vein
hemangi/o
blood vessel
aneurysm
abnormal dilation or bursting of blood vessel caused by weakness of vessel wall (usually artery)
angina pectoris
feeling of constriction around heart or pain that may radiate to left arm/shoulder brought on by exertion, caused by insufficient blood supply to heart
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rate
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries, loss of elasticity from fatty deposits, calcium salts or scar tissue
atherosclerosis
development of fatty deposits lining arteries causing narrowing of lumen and hardening of wall
ather/o
porridge, gruel
ex. atherosclerosis - fatty patches that cause arteries to harden
bradycardia
slow heart rate, less than 60 bmp
cerebrovascular accident
CVA, damage to brain from reduction in blood flow
coarctation of the aorta
localized narrowing of aorta with restricted blood flow
C-reactive protein
CRP, protein produced during systemic inflammation (contributes to atherosclerosis, high CRP levels indicate cardiovascular disease)
deep vein thrombosis
inflammation of the deep veins, associated with blood clots
dissecting aneurysm
aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers
dyslipidemia
disorder in serum lipid levels which leads to atherosclerosis (hyperlipidemia = high lipid levels, hypercholesterolemia = high cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia = high triglycerides)
dyspnea
labored breathing
edema
swelling
embolism
obstruction of blood vessel (usually blood clot)
fibrillation
spontaneous contraction of ventricle or atria muscles
heart block
interference in the electrical conduction in heart, leads to arrhythmia
heart failure
heart’s inability to maintain adequate blood circulation
hemorrhoid
varicose vein in the rectum
hypertension
high blood pressure
infarct
area of dead tissue (necrosis) resulting from a blockage or narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
ischemia
deficient blood supply to a localized area caused by circulatory obstruction
murmur
abnormal heart sound
myocardial infarction
MI.
area of dead tissue (necrosis) in cardiac muscle due to blockage or narrowing of artery
occlusion
closing off, or obstruction of vessel
patent ductus arteriosus
Ductus arteriosus is a vessel that allows the blood to bypass the lungs of a fetus, once the baby is born and air enters the lungs this vessel should close, if the vessel persists after birth is causes abnormal blood flow
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
plaque
A patch of fatty deposit on a vessel wall that impede flow and block it up.
rheumatic heart disease
damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus, the antibodies produced to fight the infection leave scarring in the valves
septal defect
An opening in the septum between atria or ventricles, commonly the persistence of the foramen ovale (an opening to bypass the lungs in a fetus) after the baby is born
shock
circulatory failure resulting in inadequate blood supply to tissues
cardiogenic shock
caused by heart failure
hypovolemic shock
caused by loss of blood volume
septic shock
caused by bacterial infection
stenosis
constriction or narrowing of an opening
stroke
damage to brain resulting from reduction of blood flow
syncope
temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to brain
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heart rate, over 100bpm
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein = blood clot
thrombosis
development of a blood clot
thrombus
blood clot
varicose vein
a twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood and chronic dilation of the vessel
ablation
removal or destruction.
a catheter is used to destroy part of the heards conduction pathway to correct arrhythmia
angioplasty
procedure to reopen a narrowed vessel and restore blood flow.
ex. removing plaque, inflating balloon within vessel or using a ‘stent’ to keep vessel open
artificial pacemaker
battery operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate heartbeat
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPR.
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compressions
cardioversion
correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm (with drugs or electric current)
coronary angiography
radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of catheter threaded through blood vessels into heart
coronary artery bypass graft
CABG
surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery, the aorta is reconnected to a point past the obstruction using a piece of another vessel.
coronary calcium scan
heart scan
Method for viewing vessel narrowing calcium deposits in coronary arteries.
creatine kinase MB
CK-MB
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction, helps to diagnose MI and determine extent of muscle damage.
CT angiography
CTA
Computed tomography scan used to view vessels in heart and other organs by injecting small amount of dye into arm.
defibrillation
Use of electronic device to deliver a brief electric shock to the heart in order to restore normal contractions of the heart
echocardiography
ultrasound to view internal cardiac structures
lipoprotein
a compound of protein with lipid.
Classified according to density, VLDL = very low density, LDL = low density and HDL= high density. Higher levels of HDL are correlated with good cardiovascular health
percutaneous transluminal coranary angioplasty
PTCAD
dialation of sclerotic blood vessel by means of inflating a balloon catheter inside the vessel in attempt so flatten the plaque against the wall.
stent
A small metal device in shape of coil or slotted tube that is placed inside a vessel after a balloon angioplasty
stress test
evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise
thalium stress test
thalium is injected to trace blood flow during exercise test.
troponin
Tn
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction, increased levels indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
appendix
small mass of lymphoid tissue attached to start of large intestine
lymph
thin, plasma like fluid that drains from tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
lymph node
small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
lymphaden/o
lymph node
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessel
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus
tonsil/o
tonsil
lymphatic system
system that drains fluid/proteins from tissues and returns them to bloodstream, participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from digestive tract
peyer patches
collection of lymphoid tissue in lining of intestine
right lymphatic duct
lymphatic duct that drains fluid from body’s upper right side
spleen
large red/brown organ in upper left region of abdomen, filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
thoracic duct
lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of lower body (left lymphatic duct)
thymus
a lymphoid organ in the upper chest beneath the sternum, functions in immunity
tonsils
small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat
lymphadenitis
infection causing inflammation/enlargement of lymph nodes
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection
lymphedema
swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels
lymphoma
and neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
