Chapter 9 Flashcards
what is a gametes?
a mature haploid (having a single set of unpaired chromosomes) male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
what is a sperm?
a male germ cell
what is a ovum or egg?
female germ cell
how many chromosomes do sperm and ovum/egg’s have?
usually 23, 22 sets of autosomes and one set of sex determining chromosomes
how long is a child in womb?
9months, 3 trimesters. pregnancy is divided into trimesters
what is a zygote?
a fertilized egg
when does the joining of an egg and sperm become a embryo and how does it become an embyro?
2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception an embryo is developed
the outer cells attach to the uterus
the inner cells form the embyro
when is an embryo considered a fetus?
8-9 weeks until birth
what are Teratogens?
Teratogens are substances or other factors that can cause congenital abnormalities, which are also called birth defects.
what are examples of Teratogens?
maternal illness - chicken pox, rubella and HIV
alcohol and drugs (heroin and cocaine) - cause mental retardation, sleep and attentional problems
caffeine and smoking - cause low birth weight and miscarriage
diet and pollution - malnutrition like a vitamin deficiency (vitamin b - birth defects, folic acid - spina bifida)
maternal stressors
what are examples of specific paternal Teratogen influences?
fathers who smoke a pack or more of cigs a day had a 43% increased risk of having a child with cancer
cocaine can damage the sperm and impair grown in fetus and child
alcohol - genetic damage to the sperm leading to birth defects
toxic substances (from work) - increase risk of chromosomal abnormalities increasing risk of miscarriage or birth defects
what is a fetoscope?
measures fetal heart rate
what did we learn from decasper and fifer’s study in 1980
mother read cat and hat during pregnancy
after birth dr’s measure pacifier behavior while reading cat and hat and found that babies preference their mothers voice. (increase heart rate)
what reflexes are present at birth?
Rooting (3-4 months) Moro (2 months) (PICK ME UP!!) Stepping (2 months) Grasping (after 2 months) Tonic neck (4-5 months) Sucking (3 months) Palmar grasp (4 months) Startle—falling (5 months) Swimming (6 months) Plantar—bottom of foot (1 year) Babinski—side of foot (1 year) Withdrawal (life time)
how do infants encode stimuli into memory?
through the senses (visual, auditory - sense memories)
when language skills develop they begin encoding using verbal memory
what is childhood amnesia?
Memories from before gaining language skills are lost
Usually cannot recall memories from before 3 or 4 years old - which is when they start talking
what are some factors in a child’s temperament?
Approach style—positive reaction to new stimuli
Withdrawal style—negative reaction to new stimuli
Biological factors
Nurturing experiences
Usually if a child is happy they will be a happy adult
Explain how a child develops head down and from torso outward
child is very close to legally blind at birth, vison gets better over time. Infets pay close attention to a mothers lips and eyes
What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 2-5 months?
Eye tracking of movement Lifts head / torso while on stomach Holds head steady Holds onto objects in their hand Depth perception begins to develop
What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 6-9 months?
Rolls over Sits upright Picks up small objects Shifts objects from hand to hand Crawls
What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 10-12 months?
Pulls themselves upright to standing
Walks with support
Turns pages in a book
What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 13-18 months?
Scribbles
Walks unassisted
Points at pictures when asked
Throws a ball and maintains balance
who is jean piaget?
was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children.
What are Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stages?
Sensorimotor Stage—development of the notion of object permanence
Preoperational Stage—mental representations, conservation and egocentrism
Concrete Operations Stage—mental manipulation of objects
Formal Operations Stage—abstract reasoning
What are the key traits of the sensormotor period?
Age - 0–about 2 years
Major achievements
Object permanence
Imitation
Also shows stranger anxiety, a discomfort with those other than those with whom they are familiar. If mom and day leave room kid cries
What are the key traits of the Preoperational period?
Age - 2–6 or 7 years
Major achievement
Capacity for mental representation and symbolic play. thinks a dog and cat looks the same
No concept of conservation - wants more or all
Egocentrism
The Theory of Mind begins to develop
The child begins to understand others’ points of view. Might not agree with the other view but understands that they have one
The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one’s own
What are the key traits of the Concrete Operations period?
Age - 6 or 7–11 years
Major achievements
Can take another person’s perspective (theory of mind becomes fully developed)
Classifying objects. Can put all socks and shirts and pants into separate piles
Conservation and other reversible mental operations (math)
What are the key traits of the Formal Operations period?
Age - 11 years (at the earliest)
Major achievements
Abstract concepts and the consequences of their actions
Logic—deductive reasoning from the general to the specific
Reversibility (use math)
Hypothetical thinking and abstractions
What have we learned after Jean Piaget’s studies?
Competencies often appear at earlier ages than Piaget suggested. IE kids can do math bfore age 11
Theory of mind
Can attribute mental states to oneself and to others
Piaget underestimated children - he used his own children to experiment
what is private speech and how does it change with age?
Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior.
Children - often talk to themselves as they play - private game
Adults sub-audible (we can’t hear it)
what is the role of the mother in attachment of children?
mother is the first living thing that baby sees.
baby wants to go to mother for comfort
video: monkey studies shows the importance of comfort contact. monkey wants comfort more than food
ducklings imprint on first thing they see at birth (Lorenz imprinted with ducklings)
human don’t imprint
separation anxiety occurs between age 6 mo-2 yrs
what are the 2 categories of attachment styles?
secure and insure attachment
what are the characteristics of secure attachment?
(60-70% babies in US)
Upset if CG leaves / not comforted by strangers / calms when CG returns
what are the 3 different insecure attachment styles and their characteristics?
Avoidant attachment (15-20% babies in US) - Don’t care if CG leaves / comfortable with strangers / don’t go to CG when she returns
Resistant (ambivalent) attachment (10-15%)
- Stay close to CG / get angry when she leaves / don’t calm when she returns
Disorganized/disoriented attachment (5-10%)
- Child is depressed & unresponsive / fits of emotion
Is daycare bad for children?
depends on Quality of care / Family income
ie better income - better daycare
4 to 6 yr. olds in daycare had
Better language skills
Better thinking skills
what are the different parenting styles?
authoritarian style
permissive style
authoritative style
what are characteristics of Authoritarian style of parenting?
Set rules for their children
Expect obedience
Use punishment often - often physical punishers
what are characteristics of Permissive style of parenting?
Few rules
No punishment
Acquiesce to child’s demands - easier for parents
what are characteristics of Authoritative style of parenting?
Set rules with reasoning why the rules are set
Encourage discussion
Bend the rules when necessary
who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.
what are Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?
Preconventional—good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished
Conventional—like the “golden rule”; rules are made to help society exist
Postconventional—use of abstract arguments
what are the critiques of Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?
Culture-specific - only did this in boston
Gender-specific - he only asked boys
Reasoning vs. behavior - didn’t ask what they would do
Conscience
Empathy
what are the different development stages of adolescence?
Physical development
- Puberty
Cognitive development
- Abstract reasoning
Adolescent egocentrism
- Imaginary audience-smile, you’re
on stage!! (always center of everyone’s attention)
- Personal fable—I am so very
special (i’m the best and very special - sometimes lie about themselves to make them sound better)
- Peer pressure (want to be spcial but copy trends to fit in) - peer pressure can be good - ie good influence
What are some of the key social and emotional developments in adolescence?
Conflicts with parents (begins @ puberty)
- Most frequent in early adolescence
- Most intense in mid-adolescence (because they feel and look like an adult without the responsibilities)
Mood swings
- Depression
- Loneliness
Risk taking (frontal cortex isn’t fully developed yet
Men 16-25 take more risks
ideal age for army is men age 18-25 (more risk takers)
Peer relationships
What are some interesting facts about teenage pregnancy?
Down 8% from 2000 to 2010
> 50% of births to single mothers in US
Single teenage mothers are mostly
- Poor
- No goal-directed behavior
- No father in the home
- May be a rite of passage for some in society
what changes happen to our bodies as we age?
moment we are born we are programmed to die
Genes - skin cells don’t replicate
Environment - climate changes and environment changes state to state
Menopause (for women) - hormonal changes…men have a menopause like change as well.
Perception
- Cataracts (clouding of the lens) - senses deteriorate. hereditary.
- Hearing - 200-400HZ starts to go which is the range of the human voice. This typically falls on mostly men but some women too (men - possibly because they work with loud machinery)
- Smell
Memory
- Recall of specific episodic memories
- Working memory forget things…might be that they think they are expected to be forgetful…if they tried harder then might remember
Intelligence and specific abilities
- Fluid intelligence (ability to solve novel problems - peaks at 26)
- Crystallized intelligence (normal everyday problems - peaks at 65)
Research methods
- Longitudinal studies (drop off overtime…long period study)
- Cross-sectional studies ( reviews a specific age set and compares)
Cerebral reserve hypothesis
Less-differentiated brain
What are Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages?
- Trust vs. mistrust (birth – 18 mo.)
- Autonomy vs. doubt (18 mo. to 3 yr.)
- Initiative vs. guilt (4 – 6 yr.)
- Industry vs. inferiority (7 – 12 yr.)
- Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 yr.)
- Intimacy vs. isolation—young adulthood (19-40s)
- Generativity vs. self-absorption-mid-adulthood (40s to 50s)
- Ego Integrity vs. despair—into old age (40s to death)
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of infancy
0-18mo
conflict:Trust v. conflict
imp events:Feeding
outcome:Caregiver provides proper care or child develops mistrust
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of early childhood
18 mo - 3 yrs
conflict:Autonomy v. doubt and shame
imp events:Toilet training
outcome:Personal control or child begins to doubt herself
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of preschool
4-6 yrs
conflict:Initiative v. guilt
imp events:Exploration
outcome:Child tries to control his environment
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of school age
7-12 yrs
conflict:Industry v. inferiority
imp events:School
outcome:Socialization and academics
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of adolesence
12-18 yrs
conflict:Identity v. role confusion
imp events:Social relationships
outcome:Child develops a sense of self
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of young adulthood
19-40 yrs
conflict:Intimacy v. isolation
imp events:Relationships
outcome:Form loving friendships
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of middle adulthood
40-50 yrs
conflict:Generativity v. self-absorpsion
imp events:Work and parenthood
outcome:Nurturing things that will outlast them
Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of maturity
65 to death
conflict:Ego-integrity v. despair
imp events:Reflection on life
outcome:Feel a sense of fulfillment withlife
what was the average lifespan in 1900?
49 yrs
what was the average lifespan in 2014?
80 yrs
Elderly are the fastest growing segment of our population
what did the video in class about elderly studies or leisure world residents reveal?
active elderly lived longer (45 mins a day is best, 15 mins a day made a difference - doesn’t have to be intense)
smokers die early
vitamins don’t make a difference
drinking moderate amounts of alcohol live longer
1-3 cups of coffee a day is good (caffeine)
maintain or gain weird as you get older is good (average or slightly over weight is best, under weight is bad)
What are the 3 stages of the grieving process?
Stage 1: State of shock for about 3 weeks after the death
Stage 2: Emotional upheavals, from anger to loneliness and guilt from about 3 weeks to 1 year after the death
Stage 3: Grief typically lessens during the beginning of the second year after the death
