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Intro To Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gametes?

A

a mature haploid (having a single set of unpaired chromosomes) male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

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2
Q

what is a sperm?

A

a male germ cell

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3
Q

what is a ovum or egg?

A

female germ cell

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4
Q

how many chromosomes do sperm and ovum/egg’s have?

A

usually 23, 22 sets of autosomes and one set of sex determining chromosomes

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5
Q

how long is a child in womb?

A

9months, 3 trimesters. pregnancy is divided into trimesters

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6
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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7
Q

when does the joining of an egg and sperm become a embryo and how does it become an embyro?

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception an embryo is developed
the outer cells attach to the uterus
the inner cells form the embyro

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8
Q

when is an embryo considered a fetus?

A

8-9 weeks until birth

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9
Q

what are Teratogens?

A

Teratogens are substances or other factors that can cause congenital abnormalities, which are also called birth defects.

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10
Q

what are examples of Teratogens?

A

maternal illness - chicken pox, rubella and HIV
alcohol and drugs (heroin and cocaine) - cause mental retardation, sleep and attentional problems
caffeine and smoking - cause low birth weight and miscarriage
diet and pollution - malnutrition like a vitamin deficiency (vitamin b - birth defects, folic acid - spina bifida)
maternal stressors

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11
Q

what are examples of specific paternal Teratogen influences?

A

fathers who smoke a pack or more of cigs a day had a 43% increased risk of having a child with cancer
cocaine can damage the sperm and impair grown in fetus and child
alcohol - genetic damage to the sperm leading to birth defects
toxic substances (from work) - increase risk of chromosomal abnormalities increasing risk of miscarriage or birth defects

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12
Q

what is a fetoscope?

A

measures fetal heart rate

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13
Q

what did we learn from decasper and fifer’s study in 1980

A

mother read cat and hat during pregnancy
after birth dr’s measure pacifier behavior while reading cat and hat and found that babies preference their mothers voice. (increase heart rate)

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14
Q

what reflexes are present at birth?

A 
Rooting (3-4 months)
Moro (2 months) (PICK ME UP!!)
Stepping (2 months)
Grasping (after 2 months)
Tonic neck (4-5 months)
Sucking (3 months)
Palmar grasp (4 months)
Startle—falling (5 months)
Swimming (6 months)
Plantar—bottom of foot  (1 year)
Babinski—side of foot (1 year)
Withdrawal (life time)
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15
Q

how do infants encode stimuli into memory?

A

through the senses (visual, auditory - sense memories)

when language skills develop they begin encoding using verbal memory

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16
Q

what is childhood amnesia?

A

Memories from before gaining language skills are lost

Usually cannot recall memories from before 3 or 4 years old - which is when they start talking

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17
Q

what are some factors in a child’s temperament?

A

Approach style—positive reaction to new stimuli
Withdrawal style—negative reaction to new stimuli
Biological factors
Nurturing experiences
Usually if a child is happy they will be a happy adult

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18
Q

Explain how a child develops head down and from torso outward

A

child is very close to legally blind at birth, vison gets better over time. Infets pay close attention to a mothers lips and eyes

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19
Q

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 2-5 months?

A 
Eye tracking of movement
Lifts head / torso while on stomach
Holds head steady
Holds onto objects in their hand
Depth perception begins to develop
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20
Q

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 6-9 months?

A 
Rolls over 
Sits upright
Picks up small objects
Shifts objects from hand to hand
Crawls
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21
Q

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 10-12 months?

A

Pulls themselves upright to standing
Walks with support
Turns pages in a book

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22
Q

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 13-18 months?

A

Scribbles
Walks unassisted
Points at pictures when asked
Throws a ball and maintains balance

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23
Q

who is jean piaget?

A

was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children.

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24
Q

What are Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stages?

A

Sensorimotor Stage—development of the notion of object permanence
Preoperational Stage—mental representations, conservation and egocentrism
Concrete Operations Stage—mental manipulation of objects
Formal Operations Stage—abstract reasoning

25
Q

What are the key traits of the sensormotor period?

A

Age - 0–about 2 years

Major achievements
Object permanence
Imitation

Also shows stranger anxiety, a discomfort with those other than those with whom they are familiar. If mom and day leave room kid cries

26
Q

What are the key traits of the Preoperational period?

A

Age - 2–6 or 7 years

Major achievement
Capacity for mental representation and symbolic play. thinks a dog and cat looks the same

No concept of conservation - wants more or all

Egocentrism

The Theory of Mind begins to develop
The child begins to understand others’ points of view. Might not agree with the other view but understands that they have one
The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one’s own

27
Q

What are the key traits of the Concrete Operations period?

A

Age - 6 or 7–11 years

Major achievements
Can take another person’s perspective (theory of mind becomes fully developed)
Classifying objects. Can put all socks and shirts and pants into separate piles
Conservation and other reversible mental operations (math)

28
Q

What are the key traits of the Formal Operations period?

A

Age - 11 years (at the earliest)

Major achievements
Abstract concepts and the consequences of their actions
Logic—deductive reasoning from the general to the specific
Reversibility (use math)
Hypothetical thinking and abstractions

29
Q

What have we learned after Jean Piaget’s studies?

A

Competencies often appear at earlier ages than Piaget suggested. IE kids can do math bfore age 11

Theory of mind
Can attribute mental states to oneself and to others

Piaget underestimated children - he used his own children to experiment

30
Q

what is private speech and how does it change with age?

A

Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior.

Children - often talk to themselves as they play - private game

Adults sub-audible (we can’t hear it)

31
Q

what is the role of the mother in attachment of children?

A

mother is the first living thing that baby sees.

baby wants to go to mother for comfort

video: monkey studies shows the importance of comfort contact. monkey wants comfort more than food

ducklings imprint on first thing they see at birth (Lorenz imprinted with ducklings)

human don’t imprint

separation anxiety occurs between age 6 mo-2 yrs

32
Q

what are the 2 categories of attachment styles?

A

secure and insure attachment

33
Q

what are the characteristics of secure attachment?

A

(60-70% babies in US)

Upset if CG leaves / not comforted by strangers / calms when CG returns

34
Q

what are the 3 different insecure attachment styles and their characteristics?

A 
Avoidant attachment (15-20% babies in US)
 - Don’t care if CG leaves / comfortable with strangers / don’t go to CG when she returns

Resistant (ambivalent) attachment (10-15%)
- Stay close to CG / get angry when she leaves / don’t calm when she returns

Disorganized/disoriented attachment (5-10%)
- Child is depressed & unresponsive / fits of emotion

35
Q

Is daycare bad for children?

A

depends on Quality of care / Family income
ie better income - better daycare

4 to 6 yr. olds in daycare had
Better language skills
Better thinking skills

36
Q

what are the different parenting styles?

A

authoritarian style
permissive style
authoritative style

37
Q

what are characteristics of Authoritarian style of parenting?

A

Set rules for their children
Expect obedience
Use punishment often - often physical punishers

38
Q

what are characteristics of Permissive style of parenting?

A

Few rules
No punishment
Acquiesce to child’s demands - easier for parents

39
Q

what are characteristics of Authoritative style of parenting?

A

Set rules with reasoning why the rules are set
Encourage discussion
Bend the rules when necessary

40
Q

who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.

41
Q

what are Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?

A

Preconventional—good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished

Conventional—like the “golden rule”; rules are made to help society exist

Postconventional—use of abstract arguments

42
Q

what are the critiques of Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?

A

Culture-specific - only did this in boston

Gender-specific - he only asked boys

Reasoning vs. behavior - didn’t ask what they would do

Conscience

Empathy

43
Q

what are the different development stages of adolescence?

A

Physical development
- Puberty
Cognitive development
- Abstract reasoning
Adolescent egocentrism
- Imaginary audience-smile, you’re
on stage!! (always center of everyone’s attention)
- Personal fable—I am so very
special (i’m the best and very special - sometimes lie about themselves to make them sound better)
- Peer pressure (want to be spcial but copy trends to fit in) - peer pressure can be good - ie good influence

44
Q

What are some of the key social and emotional developments in adolescence?

A

Conflicts with parents (begins @ puberty)

  • Most frequent in early adolescence
  • Most intense in mid-adolescence (because they feel and look like an adult without the responsibilities)

Mood swings

  • Depression
  • Loneliness

Risk taking (frontal cortex isn’t fully developed yet
Men 16-25 take more risks
ideal age for army is men age 18-25 (more risk takers)

Peer relationships

45
Q

What are some interesting facts about teenage pregnancy?

A

Down 8% from 2000 to 2010

> 50% of births to single mothers in US

Single teenage mothers are mostly

  • Poor
  • No goal-directed behavior
  • No father in the home
  • May be a rite of passage for some in society
46
Q

what changes happen to our bodies as we age?

A

moment we are born we are programmed to die

Genes - skin cells don’t replicate

Environment - climate changes and environment changes state to state

Menopause (for women) - hormonal changes…men have a menopause like change as well.

Perception

  • Cataracts (clouding of the lens) - senses deteriorate. hereditary.
  • Hearing - 200-400HZ starts to go which is the range of the human voice. This typically falls on mostly men but some women too (men - possibly because they work with loud machinery)
  • Smell

Memory

  • Recall of specific episodic memories
  • Working memory forget things…might be that they think they are expected to be forgetful…if they tried harder then might remember

Intelligence and specific abilities

  • Fluid intelligence (ability to solve novel problems - peaks at 26)
  • Crystallized intelligence (normal everyday problems - peaks at 65)

Research methods

  • Longitudinal studies (drop off overtime…long period study)
  • Cross-sectional studies ( reviews a specific age set and compares)

Cerebral reserve hypothesis

Less-differentiated brain

47
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages?

A
  1. Trust vs. mistrust (birth – 18 mo.)
  2. Autonomy vs. doubt (18 mo. to 3 yr.)
  3. Initiative vs. guilt (4 – 6 yr.)
  4. Industry vs. inferiority (7 – 12 yr.)
  5. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 yr.)
  6. Intimacy vs. isolation—young adulthood (19-40s)
  7. Generativity vs. self-absorption-mid-adulthood (40s to 50s)
  8. Ego Integrity vs. despair—into old age (40s to death)
48
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of infancy

A

0-18mo
conflict:Trust v. conflict

imp events:Feeding

outcome:Caregiver provides proper care or child develops mistrust

49
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of early childhood

A

18 mo - 3 yrs
conflict:Autonomy v. doubt and shame

imp events:Toilet training

outcome:Personal control or child begins to doubt herself

50
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of preschool

A

4-6 yrs
conflict:Initiative v. guilt

imp events:Exploration

outcome:Child tries to control his environment

51
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of school age

A

7-12 yrs
conflict:Industry v. inferiority

imp events:School

outcome:Socialization and academics

52
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of adolesence

A

12-18 yrs
conflict:Identity v. role confusion

imp events:Social relationships

outcome:Child develops a sense of self

53
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of young adulthood

A

19-40 yrs
conflict:Intimacy v. isolation

imp events:Relationships

outcome:Form loving friendships

54
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of middle adulthood

A

40-50 yrs
conflict:Generativity v. self-absorpsion

imp events:Work and parenthood

outcome:Nurturing things that will outlast them

55
Q

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of maturity

A

65 to death
conflict:Ego-integrity v. despair

imp events:Reflection on life

outcome:Feel a sense of fulfillment withlife

56
Q

what was the average lifespan in 1900?

A

49 yrs

57
Q

what was the average lifespan in 2014?

A

80 yrs

Elderly are the fastest growing segment of our population

58
Q

what did the video in class about elderly studies or leisure world residents reveal?

A

active elderly lived longer (45 mins a day is best, 15 mins a day made a difference - doesn’t have to be intense)
smokers die early
vitamins don’t make a difference
drinking moderate amounts of alcohol live longer
1-3 cups of coffee a day is good (caffeine)
maintain or gain weird as you get older is good (average or slightly over weight is best, under weight is bad)

59
Q

What are the 3 stages of the grieving process?

A

Stage 1: State of shock for about 3 weeks after the death

Stage 2: Emotional upheavals, from anger to loneliness and guilt from about 3 weeks to 1 year after the death

Stage 3: Grief typically lessens during the beginning of the second year after the death

Intro To Psychology (14 decks)

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