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Intro To Psychology > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

A relatively permenant change in behavior or behavioral repertoire that results from experience

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2
Q

What are the three types of learning?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive and social learning

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov (physiologist), while studying the digestive system of dogs
Type of learning that occurs when a neautral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior and in time this neutral stimulus is sufficient to elicit, draw out from the animal, that behavior

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4
Q

what are the 4 components of classical conditioning?

A

Broken into 4 components:
-unconditioned stimulus
-unconditioned response
-conditioned stimulus
-conditioned response

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5
Q

In Pavlovs dog study what were the 4 components of classical conditioning?

A

Unconditioned stimuli = food
Unconditioned response = salivation
Conditioned stimulus = door opening/bell
Conditioned response = salivation

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6
Q

What are effective US stimuli?

A

any stimulus that affectively elicits a desired response. (electric shock, food and water)

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7
Q

What are effective CS stimuli?

A

A neutral stimulus that does not eleicit a desired response prior to conditioning (light, or tone)

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8
Q

How if food poisoning important to classical conditioning?

A

It is generally adaptive for co-occuring stimuli to become conditioned only after repeated pairings to avoid coincidental pairing. However certain circumstances like food poisoning are different. It’s critical to avoid to stay alive so most times the food is avoided after just one occurance

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9
Q

What is Avoidance learning?

A

classical conditioning with a CS and unpleasnnt US that leads the animal to try and avoid the CS

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10
Q

What is classical emotional response?

A

Emotionally charged CR elicited by a previously neural stimulus

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11
Q

What are phobias?

A

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation

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12
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

A built in readiness for certain previously neutral stimuli to come to elicit particular conditioned responses, which means that less training is necessary to produce learning when these neutral stimuli are paired with the appropriate unconditioned responses

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13
Q

What is contrapreparedness?

A

A built in disinclination for certain stimuli to be conditioned to elicit particular conditioned responses (ie simple to develop a snale phobia but not a car door one)

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14
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

Fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events.

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15
Q

Where is our fear center?

A

Emigula

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16
Q

What is habituation effects?

A

A descrease in responding with repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus

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17
Q

What is sensitization effects?

A

An increase in responding with repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus

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18
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological
feedback loops allow living organisms to maintain homeostasis.

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19
Q

What is a negative fedback loop

A

Negative feedback occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.

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20
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

lead to instability via exponential growth or oscillation, negative feedback generally promotes stability.

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21
Q

What is some evidence of conditioning in drug abuse patients?

A

cocain specific cues where effective as CS’s but only in experienced cocaine users

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22
Q

What is opertant conditioning?

A

Learning the connection between behavior and it’s consequence

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23
Q

Who studied opertant conditioning?

A

Thorndike
BF Skinner
because of their research they contributed to the development of a few standard methods of studying operant and instrumental conditioning

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24
Q

How did Thorndike study operant conditioning?

A

Thorndike, studied cats in puzzle boxes, to understand their intellegence. He studied the time it would take them to escape. Called instrumental conditioning
Was the first learning theorist to attempt to explain what was being leraned in operant conditioning and why

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25
Q

How did BF Skinner study operant conditioning?

A

Skinner studied with rats (reward training - positive reinforcement). Suggested that classical conditioning supposes no higher order of thinking was needed by animals
Coined the term operant repsonse - to differentiate from classical conditioned response

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26
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Actions that subsequencly lead to a satifying state of affairs are more likely to be repeated

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27
Q

What is steady state performance?

A

Series of successive approximations

28
Q

What are response contingent events?

A

Significant consequences
Which are either appatitive (pleasant) or adversive (unpleasant)

29
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A contingency exists in which a reinforcement will occur as a reward for a specific behavior

30
Q

What are types of contingencies?

A

Non rewarding:
Extinction - response gets no reinformcenent and response rate decreases.
- At first it continues but for a short time and then ceases.
-Might have extinction burst, of increase on behavior out of frustration
- Benefit is that it will adapt new behaviors to try and elicit reward
Omission- The response prevents the consequence of the reward, suggesting that another response would have earned the reward, the responding decreases
Punishment: A response is folled by an adversive consequence, the outcome is a decrease in responding

31
Q

What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?

A

it is not necessary that reinforcement occur on every trial in classical or instrumental conditioning or for every response in operant conditioning.
In operant/instrumental conditioning contexts, it is usually important to reinforce behavior rather generously during the early stages of acquisition simply to insure that the organism maintains a sufficient
level of performance that occasional reinforcements will be received. From that point, it is possible to “wean lean;” that is, one can progressively reduce the percent reinforcement even to the point where, on the average the organism is not receiving enough nutritive value from the reinforcer to replace the energy expended to receive it.

32
Q

What is the discrimination hypothesis?

A

A differentiation between partial and continuous reinforcement

33
Q

What is the frustration hypothesis?

A

frustation becomes the discriminative stimulus in partial reinforcement

34
Q

How did BF Skinner feel about punishment in operant conditioning?

A

he felt is was no more effective that positive reinforcement in short term, less effective in long term

35
Q

What are some important components of understanding punishement in operant conditioning?

A
  1. Intensity: The more intense the punisher, the more effective the punishment, except when the intensity is increased
  2. Delay of the punishment: The punisher loses effectiveness at the time between response and consequence increases
    - Partial or continuous schedule of punishment
  3. Concurrent reinforcement:The effects of the punshiment are neutralized if an appetitive and an aversive reinforcer both follow the bahavior
  4. Punishing stimuli with an apetitive reinforcer can make the punisher a seconrdary reinforcer
36
Q

What are some side effects of punishment?

A

Conditioned fear and avoidance
Aggression
Could also be negatively reinforcing by taking awa a source of annoyance
Displaced aggression - against one who didn’t inflct the punishment

37
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

occurs when an unpleasant object or event is removed after a response thereby increasing the liklihood of that response in the future
- escape learning
- also called avoidance learning
- a response prevents an aversive consequence

38
Q

What are some reinforcement variables?

A

Size matters- the size of the reinforcement is important, the larger the reinforcement the more powerful the contingency
There has to be a need for the reinforcement, if you don’t need it then it doesn’t matter how powerful the reinforcement is
The delay between the response and the reinforcement is important, the more immediate the reinforcement strengthens initial learning

39
Q

What is contrast effect?

A

A contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.

40
Q

What is negative contrast or depression effect?

A

Training to a large reward which later is follwed by a small reward

41
Q

What is positive contrast or elation effect?

A

Training to a small reward which later is followed by a large reward

42
Q

What is important to understand behind the motivational behaviors in operant conditioning?

A

Motivation for bevaior can either be a need of a reinforcement or want for a reinforcement. Need or want. Need: thirst, hunger, sex, Want: Car, shoes

43
Q

What happens after operant conditioning is successful and the organism doesn’t receive a reinforcer for specific behavior?

A

The behavior will eventually diminish

44
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Assumes that the organism was trained to respond a certain way to reinforcement, the reinforcement was eliminated, after a period of rest, however, the organism will again begin to respond

45
Q

What is the difference between continous and partial reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement is given every time vs only some of the time after their responses
learning is faster with continuous but gradual with partial and slower to extinguish

46
Q

Whatis a fixed interval schedule vs a variable interval schedule?

A

gives reward to the first response after a specific length of time, vs giving a reward after a variable amount of time, that averages to a spedied interval

47
Q

What is the response rate to fixed interval schedule?

A

responding decreases after the reward and increases as the time for reward approaches

48
Q

What is the response rate to variable interval schedule?

A

responding is more constant but decreases after a reinforement

49
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule vs a variable ratio schedule?

A

gives reward after a specific number of responses vs gives reward after a variable number of responses that average to a specified number of responses (vegas)

50
Q

What happens when we delay reinforcement?

A

impeded initial learning; other behaviors might be thought to be the conditioning stimulus, the performance of the appropriate behavior might be forgotten

51
Q

Why delay gratification?

A

self control help eliminate immediate gratification for a larger reward, but if the time bewteen behavior and reward is too long it might not happen

52
Q

What is primary reinforcement?

A

reduced biological needs or wants: thirst, hunder, sex

53
Q

What is secondary reinforcement?

A

neutral stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer (ie money)

54
Q

What are examples of social reinforcement?

A

Attention, praise, physical contact, facial expressions (learned socially)

55
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

The acuqisition of information that may not be acted on immediately but is stored for a later use

56
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that occurs without behavioral indictators

57
Q

What is insight learning?

A

Learning that occurs when a person or animal suddenly grasps how to solve a problem or intrepret a pattern of informaiton and incorporate that new knowledge into old knowledge

58
Q

What is magazine training?

A

a type of Pavlovian conditioning which may be taught intentionally or may occur as a result of the way the Skinner box works. An s-s association is learned between the sound of the feeder and the presentation of food

59
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement

60
Q

What are some examples of observational learning?

A

Violence on TV, Video games - tend to lead to violent tendencies

61
Q

What is shaping?

A

It’s often required as part of operant conditioning when the so called operant level or probability of the target operant begins at or is near zero

It’s a high level type of discrimination learning in which certain characteristics of behavior are selected for reinforcements and others non-reinforcement

62
Q

Describe Skinners Experiment?

A

Hungry pigeon placed in skinner box, key is pecked by chance and the pigeon gets a food pellet, bird doesn’t recognize the connection yet, on subsequent exposure he pecks to satisfy hunder, there is evidence that the pgieo learned the connection between pecking and food reward

63
Q

What is learned in operant conditioning?

A

3 elements of operant conditioning:
Instrumental Repsonse: like a bar to press,
Reinforcer: food pellet
Discriminative Stimulus: like a ton or light ot signal that the reinforcer is present

64
Q

What is bandura’s social learning theory?

A

Bobo doll study - brought in children to watch a series of videos. The entire group saw the model beating up the doll. Two groups say either the model rewarded or punished. Afterward the children were put in a room with the bobo dolls. Those that saw no special ending or the rewarding ending equally abused the doll, the only group that didn’t was the group that saw the ending where the model was punished

65
Q

How can learning from models be helpful?

A

it can be quicker, you can avoid the misteps that usually happen when doing it without a model

66
Q

How can learning from model be challenging?

A

Learning adaptive behaviors from models only works if that model exihibits adaptive behaviors. If the model doesn’t then the organism will not be able to learn adaptive behaviors.

Intro To Psychology (14 decks)

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