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Intro To Psychology > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

A general ability or faculty that allows us to interpret the perceptual workd to help us organize responses to changes that take place in the world

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2
Q

What are the different types of memory stores?

A

Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

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3
Q

What are the different types of sensory memory?

A

Visual, olfactory, gustatory - taste, auditory, tactile - touch, nocioceptive - pain, thermal - temp, vestigular - balanace, procioceptive - body position

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4
Q

What are the most common types of sensory memory studied in Psychology?

A

Iconis and Echoic

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5
Q

What is the span of apprehension task?

A

first looked at very short term visual memory (donders and cattell 1888)
used to test reading abilities
results suggest that we hold about 4/5 items or icons in VST (visual memory)

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6
Q

What is Sperlings Interpretation?

A

Partial superiority affect implies that there is a memory available for all items in the display
Memory or images fade with increased delay to report
Neisser later recalled this memory iconic memory

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7
Q

What are characteristics of sensory memory?

A

Short Duration (less than 50MS)
Large Capacity (11-12 items)
Modality Specific (Visual, hearing)
Not under conscious control

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8
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

increased memory for the 1st few stimuli

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9
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

increased memory for the last few stimuli

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10
Q

Describe short term memory

A

memory that is limited in both capacity and duration can typicaly hold between 5 and 9 time can last from several seconds to less than 1 minute without rehearsal also called short term store or working memory first researched by william james and ebbinghaus very susceptible to disruptions

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11
Q

What is George Miller’s short term memory theory?

A

Magic # 7 plus or minus 2,
a person can typically hold between 5-9 items

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12
Q

How is short term memory defined?

A

The temporary memory store accessed after recent exposure to a stimulus to be recalled.

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13
Q

What is primary memory?

A

Referred to by William James as memors that was quickly lost without rehearsal, part of the psychological present, similar to the concept of more modern verions of short term memory

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14
Q

Where does Short Term memory reside in the brain?

A

Hippocampus (interior to temporaral lobe)

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15
Q

How can we increase our short term memory?

A

chunking - recode the data into larger chunks, then we can remember more information

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16
Q

What did Atkins and Shiffin contribute in terms of memory?

A

They suggested that there were more subsystems than simply Short term memory and long term memory and that short term memory is more or an active process (vs passive).

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17
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

interference that is caused by recent events or experiences that influence memory for earlier events (someone is randomly saying number to you while you are trying to do math

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18
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

interference caused by past learning experience that influences memory for a present experience (continuously changing parking spaces)

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19
Q

What is proactive inhibition (PI)?

A

studied by Wickens in 1970
patient asked to recall a list of items in the same category over and over again, sometimes they mix up the items from list to list, in order to release PI a new list is introduced and the patient can remember nearly all items

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20
Q

where do we retaint most of our short term memory?

A

in the auditory domain. Process information as sounds or words and how they are pronounces. VS long terms seems t the coded by meaning rathet than sound

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21
Q

How can we remember in our STM visual information?

A

Transform into verbal encoding

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22
Q

What is working memory?

A

A system that temporarily holds and manipulates information as we perform cognitive tasks. Baddeley 1986 (ie doing math in your head)

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23
Q

What are the 4 components to working memory?

A

Visuosspatial sketchpad (maintains visual info), phonological loop (maintains speech info), central executive (cordinates attentino and responses), episodic buffer (connects long term memory with short term memory)
Central executive controls the other items
means that working memory is not stagnant

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24
Q

Describe Episodic Memory

A

Our personalized memory system, autobiographical memories, things “you” remember, history of events in an individuals life
Specific to time, place and emotions associated with a memory

25
Q

Describe Semantic Memory

A

factual, general knowledge abot the world, worls like an encyclopedia, words, language and facts, thing you “know”
things we leared in school, like first president.

26
Q

What type of memory are episodic and semantic?

A

declarative memory

27
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

nondeclarative memory, Knowledge of how to do thing (ie ride a bike, tie your shoe), includes motor, cognitive skils and perceptual skills, and implicit memory (teaching someone to tie their shoe)

28
Q

What are the two baisic types of memory?

A

declarative and non-declarative

29
Q

What are characteristics of nondeclarative memory?

A

Procedural - ride a bike, priming - seeing and ad for a car and going out to look at that car, habits - smoking or biting nails, classical conditioning - CS, US, CR

30
Q

What are the different stages in the memory process?

A

Encoding, storage and retrieval of memories

31
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

the more we access the memory the better we remember it (strengthing of the dendrite connections)

32
Q

How are memories encoded?

A

The encoding of memories is dependent on how well information is originally processed
must be sucessfully processed from STM to LTM
the depth of the processing correlates with how well we will recall it later

33
Q

How are memories stored?

A

Successful process in the LTM of information suggests that we have stored the memory properly

34
Q

How are memories retrieved?

A

Successful encoding and storage of the memory suggests being able to access the memory at a later date

35
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Important in the depth of processing, is considered shallow processing

36
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Important in the depth of processing, is considered deep processing
students in med school with start to feel diseases because the processing the information so deeply

37
Q

What are causes of amnesia?

A

Natural: Stroke, trauma, alcohol abuse, disease, toxins, anoxia
Psychological: Psychogenic amnesia - retrograde amnesia

38
Q

Who is clive wearing?

A

patient that had lost his short term memory, only remembering less than 30 seconds, his long term memory was in tac; remembering wife and how to play the piano

39
Q

What is the difference between retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde: forgetting what happens before the event
Anterograde: inability to remember what happened after the event
people can suffer from one or both

40
Q

What is amnesiac syndrome?

A

the inability to process new information, due to damage in the hippocampus, however this type of amnesia can acquire new procedural memories like mirror writing

41
Q

What is korsakoff syndrome?

A

amnesia due to alcohol abues for decades (vitamin depletion), damage to the diencephalon (thalamus and mammilary bodies)
can have both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

42
Q

What are some characteristics of psychogenic amnesia?

A

limited amnesia, forgetting a specific traumatic periods such as sexual or physicial abuse (compartmentalizes)
fugue or a complete loss of autobiographical memory for a week or months, can’t remember who they are, adopts a new identity
dissociative disorder: multiple personalities, no recollection of the other personaliities, a very rare occurance

43
Q

What is mood dependent forgetting?

A

Suggests that recall is better when mood is concruent? Is if you study sad take the test when you are sad and you will recall information better

44
Q

What is normal forgetting?

A

forgetting what you wer about to say, something you were going to do, why you went somewhere. Need to rehearse better to recall in STM better
looking for your keys but they are in your hand - more elaborative process is needed because your aren’t paying attention…encoding failure
can’t remember a familiar name, it’s on the tip of your tongue, retrieval failure

45
Q

What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

it’s when you know the right answer but can’t say it. Will only know it when it’s said to you

46
Q

What is neurocognition as it related to LTM?

A

The locus or neural location of memories cannot be identified as being just in one place.
Suggests that memory (or engram) is spread throughout the brain
we know that frontal cortical areas are involved in the deep processing of information
Areas involved in memory formation also include the hippocampus (which is NOT the permanant store) and the thalamus
the cortex is the most likel storage area.
Sense specific memories are passed along to the appropriate cortizes (visual in visual cortex, auditory in auditory cortex)
epinephrine (adrenaline) involved in memory consolidation - if you are scared you remember better

47
Q

What are characteristics of LTM?

A

has an unlimited capacity, extremely long duration, can decay over time

48
Q

How do we make memories?

A

Memories that are emotionally charged are remembered better

49
Q

What is the different between recall and recognition?

A

Recall: Intentionally bringing information to awareness (short answer test)
recognition: encoding and matching (mutliple choice)

50
Q

What are false memories?

A

They are memories that have been implanted, memories can be influences by others (ie recall information that never existed), it’s why eye witness testomonies can be bad, it’s why police isolate a witness vs group setting because the group can influence each other

51
Q

Why might someone forget?

A

decay (time lapse), depth of procesing wasn’t there, retrieval failure, interference (retroactive and proactive interference

52
Q

What is Propeneral?

A

The forgeting pill. It’s blocks adrenaline making an emotional events harder to remember and easier for a patient to handle

53
Q

What is the Ebbinghaus Fogetting curve?

A

suggests that within 20 mins we can recall 50%
31 days later we recall only 20%

54
Q

What are repressed memories?

A

when real memories are pushed out of consciousness (ie sexual abuse)

55
Q

What are some tricks to improving memory?

A

Mnemonic devices: Interactive images (putting something into a context you know), method of loci (associating something with a specific image), pegword system (list of words associated to number to help in recall), rhyming words (bob the slob), heirarchical organization, acronyms/initialisms

56
Q

What are tips in trying to recall a memory?

A

mentally recall the state in which the information was learned - ie sit in the same seat in class every class and will remember information better
focus, keep trying, think of characteristics of the information sought, use external cues?

57
Q

what did we learn from bandura’s study with the bobo doll?

A

children that viewed the bobo doll being abused were more likely to imitate the abuse, children that witness it being ignore were more likey to ignore the goll

58
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the process of maintaining a steady state, in which bodily substances and conditions are kept within the range in which the body functions well.

Intro To Psychology (14 decks)

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