chapter 8 Flashcards
What is personality?
a set of of behavioral, emotionals and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations
What is psychological determinism?
The idea that all thoughts, feelings and behaviors have an underlying case
What are Freud’s structures of the mind?
Ego, Superego, and ID
Describe the Ego
Mostly located in the conscious min, but also present in the preconscious and unconscious levels
Develops in childhood (before superego)
Acts as referee between ID and Superego
Describe the Superego
At the preconscious and unconscious levels
Develops in childhood
Home to morality and conscience
governed by the ego ideal
Describe the ID
At the unconscious level
present at birth
Home to sexual and aggressive drives
Governed by the pleasure principle
Explain the Psychosexual Stages
Oral stage Anal Stage Phallis Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
What does Freud say about personality development?
What we must pass successfully through each phase to get to the next and failure to pass through a state leads to fixation and at times of stress we regress to that stage.
Describe successful completion of Freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral stage = weaning from mothers breast or nipple
Anal Stage = toilet training
Phallis Stage = identifying with same sex parents
Latency Stage = transformation from repressed sexual urges to more productiveand socially acceptable activities
Genital Stage - formation of mature sexual love relationships and development of interests and talent for productive work
What are some of the problems that can occur if a person doesn’t move successfully between stages?
Fixation = a persistent focus of the id’s peasure seeking energiers on an earlier stage of pyschosexual development
at times of stress a person regress to a stage they didn’t successfully complete
Neurosis = abnormal behavior de to conflict between the ego and either id or superego
Psychosis = A break from reality caused by the fixation
What are the Oedipus and Electra complex?
Oedipus = Freud thought all boys, in the phallic stage needed to compete with father for mothers affection (castration anxiety - fear father will castrate them) Electra = Girls go through a similar experience with mother for their fathers affection (penis envy- girls desire what the penis can get you, not the penis itself)
Name the Freud Defense Mechanisms
Denial = refuse to accept threatening thoughts
Intellectualization = threatening thoughts are subdued by rationalizing them
Repression = banish anxiety producing or unacceptable thoughts
Regression = retreat to earlier stage in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses
Projection = project threatening thoughts onto others
Reaction formation = ego makes unacceptable thoughts their opposites
Rationalization = self justifying reasons
Sublimation = diverts sexual or aggressive impulses to other actives such as working out of a hobby
Undoing = action to undo threatening thoughts or behavior (accidental insult to significant might result in lengthy praise
Who are Freuds Followers?
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
What are some of Carl Jung’s theories?
Student of Freud, agree with a lot of Freuds theories but had issues with his theory that babies were sexual beings
The psyche is composed of the ego, personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious Archetypes that all cultures have in the world: The hero, the devil, the damsel in distress, the mother figure, innocent youth
What are some of Alfred Adler’s theories?
Strive for superiority
Inferiority complex
What are some of Karen Horney’s theories?
Basic anxiety = envious of stuff not had
Privilege Envy = envious of priveleges a man has and what his penis can give him not his penis
What are some of the critiques of Freud?
No scientific basis, too broad, sample was limited to women in 19th century and upper class
Describe the Humanistic Theories on personality
In direct reastion to Freud they wanted to focus on people positive aspects and their innate goodness, creativity, and free will
Describe Abraham Maslow’s humanistic beliefs on personality?
Heirarchy of needs, top of the piramid is self actualization (accurate view of reality, accept themselves others and nature, appreciate mundane and every day events, focus on culture rather than self, have very closer intimate relationships with a few people
Describe Carl Rogers humanistic beliefs on personality?
unconditional positive reward, showing complete support and acceptance of a person not matter what the person says or does
treating the patient as a client
criticisms: hard to test, idealistic view
What are the two personality factors?
Spectrum btw stable and unstable and introverted and extroverted
What are the big 5 personality factors?
CANOE: Conscientiousness, agreeable, neurociscm, openess, extraversion
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
Biological, Psychological and Social/Cultural influences all affect personality
What is temperment?
Inclination to engage in a certain style of thinking, feeling or behaving
There is a correlation between temperment at infancy and adulthood
Shyness = ANS is overstimulated
Senation Seeking = ANS under stimulated
What are the theories or temperment and what are the theorists behind them?
Buss and Plomin’s four factors
Sociability
emotionality to fear, anger or distressactivity (vigor and tempo)impulsivity
What are the different ways to measure personality?
Interviews and observation
inventories - questionnaires (people aren’t always honest)
projective tests - ink blot test rorschach and TAT (not measuring the correct thing)
What are the biological based personality theories and what are the theorists behind them?
Grays = behavioral inhibitions and activation systems: BAS, left frontal lobe, positive feelings lead to impulsitivity, extroversion, behavioral activation system, associated with reward system. BIS, right frontal lobe, behavioral inhibition system, associated with punishment or threat/fear stimuli anxiety Cloningers = reward dependence, harm avoidance, novelty seeking, persistence Zuckermans = sociability, neuroticism anxiety, impulsive sensation seeking, activity, aggression hostility
Are personality traits heritabile?
Twin studies shows that work and leisure activies are .5 related and happiness is .44-.48 related
What are the learning and cognitive elements of personality?
Learning = Conditioning and Social learning (home from college and act 14)
Sociocognitive = expectancies (locus of control), self efficacy, reciprocal determinism
What is internal and external locus?
Internal locus = internal focuses, if take a test and does well it’s because of their preparation and they deserved it
External locus = external focuses, if take a test and does well it’s because of the material and the instructor
What does birth order say about personality?
First Born = Conscientious, neurotic, accept authoirty, assertive and dominant
Middle Born = Less identified with family, rebellious, less concioustious, lives farther from parents
Later Born = Agreeable, extraverted, open to experience, adventurous, sociable
What does gender say about personality?
Female = More empathic, neurotic, greater social connectedness
Male = greater individualality, more aggressive, more assertive
Product of nature from a perspective of the hormones that are connected with each
How is personality affected by culture?
Difficult to compare across cultures
Collectivism - Focus on the needs of a group
Individualism - focus on needs of the individual
What statistical technique is used to whether specific traits are associated?
factor analysis or super factors.
CANOE: Conscientiousness, agreeable, neurociscm, openess, extraversion
