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Intro To Psychology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is thinking?

A

Thinking is all the mental activity associated with processing, understanding, remembering and communicating

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2
Q

What is the behaviorist theory of language?

A

suggests that we’re a blank slate (tabula sasa) at birth and experience creates who we are

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3
Q

What is universal about grammar?

A

language is a species specific genetically deteremined capacity

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4
Q

How is learning a second language between children and adults different?

A

Children: Broca’s/Wernicks area used in the same way for both languages

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5
Q

What are thoughts?

A

LTM/semantics not put into words

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6
Q

How does language shape thoughts?

A

IE eskimows have 20 words for snow (helps in survival)

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7
Q

What did whorf’s theory say about language perception?

A

that it influences are perception of reality

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8
Q

What are other forms of communcation?

A

non-verbal communcation (facial expressions mom gives us)

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9
Q

What are the two different forms of aphasias

A

Broca’s Aphasia: lesion to left frontal cortex, disrupts speech production, syntactic understanding and production are also affected with lesions here

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10
Q

What is IQ?

A

Ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex materials

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11
Q

What is an IQ test?

A

intellegence quotient (measures mental age and chronological age

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12
Q

What is the mean IQ?

A

100

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13
Q

What is the standard diviation IQ?

A

15

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14
Q

What perentage of people fall into the average mean IQ?

A

68

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15
Q

What does IQ test measure?

A

G and S

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16
Q

What is crystalized intellengence?

A

experience based intelligence, gets better with age, peaks at 65

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17
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

problem solving experience, gets worse with age, peaks at 26

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18
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

knowing your emotions (hormones aren’t new to us any more), managing your feelins, sel motivations, recogniing others emotions, handing relationships

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19
Q

How do scientists study the importance of genes in intelligence?

A

Adoption/twin studies

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20
Q

What do twin studies show us about intelligence in genetics?

A

childrens intelligence is more like adoptive parents because it’s all about the environment they are in

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21
Q

How is intelligence affects by the group?

A

within groups: genetics accounts for about 72 percent of variability in affluent groups and environment about 15percent

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22
Q

How is intelligence affects by the race?

A

sometimes there is a bias in testing

23
Q

How is intelligence affects by the sex?

A

women are better at tests, with the exception of spacial tests

24
Q

What are the different diversitities in intelligence?

A

Mental retardation (less than 70 IQ), present since childhood

25
Q

What are the different concepts involved in thinking?

A

Concept: defines a grouping of a set of objects or events
Typicality: a grouping of objects into a specific category
Prototype: a typical example (can be unique from person to person)

26
Q

How are concepts organized?

A

into a schema which is a mental concept which cues us aboutwhat to expect from different experiences and situations
also into heirarchies

27
Q

How are schema developed?

A

based on experiences which are stored in memory

28
Q

What does the brain do with schemas?

A

Creates and users them as shortcuts to make future encounters with similar stimuli easier to comprehend and respond

29
Q

What is a concept?

A

it is how we group simiilar objects events and people

30
Q

How do we solve problems?

A

With analogies, comparing features
or sudden solutions which can rest in our brain and wait to come to us at a specific moment solution can also happen all of the sudden

31
Q

What are examples of problem solving?

A

Algorithms: a methodical almost computerized way of finding information (ie going up and down the aisle at a grocery store) - but it’s time consume and tedious

Heuristics: shortcuts or rules of thumb to find solutions (remember where an items is in a previous grocery and going to that location first to try and find the item - saves time but doesn’t always work but it’s typically how we think

32
Q

What are the two types of Heuristics?

A

Representative Heuristics: our intiution may not be the most probably guess (if an event seems most representative does not make it more probabilistic

Availability Heuristics: Judgement based on what we can remember rather than complete data

33
Q

What are the 3 groups within representative heuristics?

A

base rate group: asked to guess what percent of grad studuents were in each of a specific group
similarity group: given descriptions of each person (dull, boring, etc) and ask persont to rank persons accoridng to specialty
prediction group:guess the same personality sketch as in similarity group but told that a psychogistic and ask how likely the person was to into a specific field of study

34
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

a type of cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs or biases.
We might seek out information specifically to support our beliefs and ignore evidence that disagrees with our beliefs
ie african americas are more likely to commit crime/violence (police bias? economic situation)

35
Q

How does someone confirm a rule?

A

Must identify something that will both confirm and falsify the rule

36
Q

Why do we have issues solving problems?

A

Confirmation bias
fixation
mental set: using past situation to solve current problem
functional fixness

37
Q

What is functional fixness?

A

need a novel solution to solve to solve a problem but can’t find it
candle, box, tack example
rope on ceiling, ool box example
farmer, goose and beans example

38
Q

How can overconfidence impair our ability oto sovlve problems?

A

people overestimating the information they know because they feel that have an inside advantage

39
Q

How can framing impair our ability oto sovlve problems?

A

drawing a different conclusion from the same information depending on how it’s presented (9 out of 10 peope die from peanut butter, 0.00009 percent of people die from eating peanut butter

40
Q

How can belief perseveration impair our ability oto sovlve problems?

A

the lakers are great just because you think and feel they are but if they aren’t doing well they aren’t great. You still feel they are great

41
Q

At what age can babies make every sound in the human language?

A

10-12 months

42
Q

What makes language?

A

language production: generated through learning, imitation and reinforcement (ie a child get reinforced for saying specific words (operant conditioning)
language comprehension
phonology (phonemes - basic building blocks of language)

43
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Basic unit of speech, single speech sounds, created by the coordination of lungs, vocal cavities, larynx, lips tongue and teeth
english uses about 45 phonemes, although 9 make up more than half the words
Holt reports 869 phonemes in all of human language

44
Q

What are morphemes?

A

smallest unit with meaning in language
can be roots or affixes depending on whether they are the main part of dependent part of a work
a few morphemes are also phonemes
examples are A and Up

45
Q

What is grammar?

A

The set of rules such as syntax and semantics that allow communication with one another.

46
Q

What are semantics?

A

rules to derive meaning from mrphemes, words and sentences (adding -ed to a regular verb to transform a word into past tense

47
Q

What is syntax?

A

rules to order words into sentences

48
Q

What are the two POVS on what make language a language?

A

empirical view (result of learning), nativist view (crucial aspect of language are innate - NOAM CHOMSKY)

49
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

nuances or indirect meaning of speech and understanding when to user it

50
Q

How do children learn language?

A

Through imitation

51
Q

What is child directed speech?

A

adults talking to childre in a higher pitch and slower speed (to help kids hear sounds in words)

52
Q

What are the stages in language learning?

A

Babbling stage: All sounds in human language, starts to be native language specific at about 10 months, sounds not in native language that aren’t users are lost
One word stage (1 year)
Two word stage (2 years)
Complete sentences (after 2 years)

53
Q

How do children learn to speak?

A

being learning as they learn to speak

Intro To Psychology (14 decks)

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