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Intro To Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 components to the psychological state emotion?

A
  1. A positive or negative subject experience 2. The activation of specific mental processes and stored information 3. Bodily arousal 4. Characteristic overt behavior
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2
Q

Are emotions universal across cultures?

A

Yes, based on facial expressions emotions appear to be similar across cultures

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3
Q

What the are different theories of emotion?

A

James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Cognitive Theory, Emerging Synthesis

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4
Q

Explain the James/Lange Theory

A

You feel emotions after your body reacts (ie in a car, you slam on the brakes, you get a rush of adrenaline, interpret, then emotion

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5
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

We experience emotions in part due to the position of our facial muscles (ie smiling makes you happy, frowning makes you sad)

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6
Q

Explain the cannon-bard theory

A

The event causes both arousal and emotion (missing the interpret step)

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7
Q

Explain the cognitive theory

A

Both arousal and the context combine to form emotions (walk down the street and find someone attractice who smiles and you feel good, if the person is unattractive then you don’t feel good)

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8
Q

Explain emerging synthesis

A

Different emotions rely on different combinations of body and brain reactions and intrepretation

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9
Q

What are the two routes to emotion?

A

Events and Appraisal

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10
Q

Explain the Schacter-Singer Experiment

A

Participants were given epinephrine(told it was vitamin B) and then watched a person being sad or happy, the person would then act sad or happy matching the person they were with

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11
Q

What the are 5 basic facts about fear?

A
  1. Fear can be an emotional reflex (Fear - amygdala - hypothalamus - autonomic responses (increase HR and muscle freeze=more strength) 2. Fear can be classically conditioned (little albert) 3. Fear interacts with mental processes 4. The amygdala (fear center, fight or flight) does not play a role in producing the emotional feel of fear. 5. No one brain area gives rise to fear (or any emotion)
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12
Q

What is happiness related to?

A

Life circumstances, realistic expectations, social support, genes/personality, money

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13
Q

How does the scope of attention change with fear and happiness?

A

fear narrows and happiness broadens

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14
Q

What are the chemicals released with feeling powerful and feeling weak?

A

Powerful = Testosterine, Weak = Cortisol

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15
Q

What is the display rule? And give an example

A

A culture-specific rules that indicates when to whom and how strongly certain emotions can be shown. Example: Boys don’t cry being it showns weakness

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16
Q

What are the different ways we can show emotion?

A

display rule, body language,

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17
Q

What did Amy Cuddy’s researc teach us?

A

researched if a person could physically change the way they felt about themselves (fake it till you become it)

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18
Q

What are some examples of body language?

A

Crossing arms = closed off, woman showing her neck means she interested in a person, pursed lips = holding something back

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19
Q

What is motivation?

A

The set of requirements and desires that leads an animal to behave in a particulate way at a particulate time and place

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20
Q

What are the theories of motivtion of instincts?

A
  1. AN inherited tendency to produce organized and unalertable responses to particular stimuli 2. Weakness: Human behavoriors are moer complex and flexible then instincts can explain 3. Evolutionary psychology: Hardwires goals (finding a mate), and cognitive strategies (deception; stealing food)
21
Q

What are the theories of motication of drive?

A
  1. AN internal imbalance caused by lack of a needed substance (food or water) or condition that motivates animals (including humans) to reach a particular goal that will reduce the imbalance 2. Homeostasis
22
Q

What is the arousal theor y of motivation?

A

Theory of motivation that says we seek intermediate levels of stimulation (when under stimulated we seek arousal, when over stimulated we seek less stimulation

23
Q

What is the Yerks Dodson Law?

A

Says that intermediate levels of stimulation gives us the best performance (draw the chart)

24
Q

What is incentives theory of motivation?

A

We are motivated toward particular goals in anticipation of a reward

25
Q

What is the “learned helplessness” theory of motivation?

A

The condition that occurs after an animal has an aversive experience in which nothing it does can affect what happens to it, and so it simply gives up and stos trying to change the situation or escape

26
Q

Explain the difference between the deprived reward system and nondeprived reward system

A

Deprived Reward System: Need = a condition that arises from the lack of a requirement, Drive = needs gives rise to fullfill the need, Reward = often relying on the deprived reward system

Undeprived Reward System: Want = a desire resting on a unmet goal that will not fill a requirement, Incentive = The goal becomes an incentive to perform behaviors to acheive it, Reward = often relying on the nondeprived reward system

27
Q

What are types of needs

A

Needs for achievement (school or work), Needs for cognition (need to think)

28
Q

What is maslow’s heirachry of needs?

A

Start @ bottom of the piramid and can’t move to the next rung until previous need it met Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Cognitive, Aesthtic, Self actualizing

29
Q

What are the 2 different types of achievement cultures?

A

Individual culture: Emphasizes the rights and responsibilies of the indivudual over the group (USA) Collective culture: Emphasizes the rights and responsibilies of the group over the individual (tribe cultures, asia, middle east)

30
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The cellular chemical process by which we convert food molecules to energy. Fod molefules are gluose (sugar) and fatty acids, which are monitored by the brain Brain tells us when we are hungery

31
Q

What roles does the stomach play in feeling hungry?

A

Horomone ghrelin - hypothalamus - neuropeptide y (Hunger pains)

32
Q

What roles does social factor play in feeling hungry?

A

Not paying attention to how we feel (hungry or full)

33
Q

What is insulin?

A

Regulates carbohydrate metabolism

34
Q

What is set point?

A

Your normal body weight; this is something you can reset with poor or good behavior

35
Q

What does it mean to be obese?

A

20% heavier than medical ideal

36
Q

Are fat genes heritable?

A

Yes, but someone can break the fat gene cycle

37
Q

What is dieting?

A

Changing bevior to loose weight, only works short term need to change behviors to maintain

38
Q

What the different types of sexual behvior?

A

Reproductive sex: 2% of sex acts, recreational sex: 98% of sex acts Hard to study because no one is honest

39
Q

What are the different motives for having sex?

A

User sex to escape, avoid, minimize netative emotions or threats to self esteem User sex to enhance positive emotions or experience User sex to escape, avoid, minimize negative social experiences User sex to enhance social connections

40
Q

Explain the Sexual response cycle

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (refractory period - men only)

41
Q

What chemicals are involved in sex?

A

Hormones: Androgens (testosterone) estrogen, Phermone Oxytocin, Ovulation and eroticism

42
Q

What are some of the evolutionare theories in mating preferences?

A

parental investment (men want women who can bear children, women want men who can protect concerns about infidelity (Buss Theory): women are emotionally betrayed by men who cheat, men are physically betrayed by women who cheat

43
Q

What are the different sexual orientations?

A

Heterosexual, Homosexual (only 4-10% of the population, bisexual

44
Q

What did Allen and Gorski find while studying the brains of homosexual males in the early 90’s?

A

Hypothalamus was found to be smaller

45
Q

What does genes tell us about homosexuality?

A

Possibly located on the x chromosome meaning it’s linked to the mother

46
Q

What are the examples of approach emotions?

A

Love and happiness

47
Q

What are examples of withdrawl emotions?

A

Fear and disgust

48
Q

Yerks Dodson Law

A
49
Q
A

Intro To Psychology (14 decks)

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