Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are examples of symptoms?
Cognitive - think
Emotional - feel about a situation
Behavioral - react to a situation
Syndrome can be all or some of these
What are examples of psychosis?
Hallucinations -hearing or seeing things that are not real
Delusions - gals beliefs in who one is or what is happening around them
What are some causes of psychosis?
Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Brain lesions cysts or rumors Alcohol abuse Hiv Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder
What did bipolar disorder used to be called?
Manic depressive disorder
Define abnormality
Distress - real or imagined
Impairment - physical or the way they think risk of hand - to self or others
Cultural or social influence- ie being gay used to be thought of as a psychological disorder
What does DMS-V stand for?
Diagnostic and statistical manual or mental disorders
What are the advantages and disadvantages or DMS-V?
Dis - changing number and breadth of disorder. Overlapping criteria
Adv -sidestep dispute about cause of disorder. Promotes consistency in diagnoses
Explain abnormality of the brain
Genes, neurotransmitters (blocking neurotransmitter) brain structure and functions
Explain abnormality of the person
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Maladaptive thoughts and biases (thinks hat anyone that looks at them means them harm
Explain abnormality of the group
Social events trigger depression (recession 2000)
What interacting factors that increase persons vulnerability to a psychological disorder?
Diathesis (predisposition or tendency toward a disease- level of the brain)
Stress
What is a mood disorder?
Persistent or episodic disturbances in emotions that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm or life
What are some examples of mood disorders?
Major depressive disorder (mdd)
Suicide
What is major depressive disorder?
Affect (mood)
Behavior (actions)
Cognitive (thoughts)
More common in women
Most common psychological disorder in U.S.
-Affects 20% people in the U.S.
-2-3 time as many women as men in the U.S.
Genetics - runs in families (twin studies show twin is 4x more likely to develop MDD is twin has is)
Malfunctioning neurotransmitters - serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Left frontal lobe activity (center for sympathy and empathy impulse control and sexual behavior) - less activity in people with mdd
What is a psychological disorder?
A mental condition or syndrome (or collection of conditions) characterized by sunrooms that crest significant distress, impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living, or leads to risk or harm.
What is aka chronic depression?
Less severe than mdd, longer lasting than mdd (last minimum 2 years in adults), symptoms: low self esteem, feelings of helplessness, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, lack of appetite or overeating,
What is another name of dysthymia?
chronic depression
What are the characteristics of dysthymia?
less sever than MDD
longer lasting than MDD (lasts a minimum or 2 yeras in adults
often becomes thought of an ingrained in who the person is - characteristic trait
What are symptoms of dysthymia?
low self esteem - self downing
feelings of helplessness
insomnia or hypersomnia
low energy or fatigue
lack or appetite or overeating
poor concentration and inability to make decisions
overly critical constantly complaining and incapable of having fun
What are characteristics of bipolar disorder?
mania - heighten sense - super productive
often cycles with depression
lifetime prevalence 1%
What famous people have bipolar disorder?
beethoven russell brand kurt cobain adam ant charles dickens margot kidder jack london
Explain mood at the level of the brain
hereditary factors
frontal lobal malfunction
amygdala (fear center) - extra activity
Explain mood at the level of the person
Becks Negative Triad
cognitive distortions
attributional style and internal - blames self
Explain mood at the level of the group
life stressors
social isolation
What is becks negative triad?
Negative view of the self
negative view of the world
negative view of the future
What is a growing group for mood disorder and suicide?
elderly men who have either never been married or have lost a spouse
Do the number of stressful events increase the likelihood of depression?
yes! risk of depression is greatly increase at 3 or more stressful events
What are examples of anxiety disorders?
Generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobias obsessive compulsive disorder post traumatic stress disorder
what is anxiety?
a sense of dread or foreboding, usually about a possible future threat
what is general anxiety disorder?
intense or pervasive fear out of proportion to the situation
what is panic disorder?
recurrent panic attacks, often accompanied by physical and/or psychological symptoms (tend to over think the situation)
what is a positive result of stress or anxiety?
can help us perform better
what are some characteristics or panic disorder?
- overactive locus coeruleus (the brains alarm system) - principle site of norepinephrine production
- if we over produce norepinephrine it can cause a feeling of anxiety - panic attacks
- agoraphobia (afraid of open spaces)
- anxiety sensitivity
- fear due to changing heart rate or breathing - causes increase arousal
- increase flight or flight response
- fear of fear
- become sensitive to any body signals
- increasing prevalence
Which sex is more likely to experience anxiety disorder and what percentage?
women, 60%
Which race is more likely to experience anxiety disorder and what percentage?
non-hispanic blacks are 20% less likely and hispanics are 30% less likely than non-hispanic whites.
Which age is more likely to experience anxiety disorder and what percentage?
30-44 (35.1%)
what is another name for locus coeruleus?
blue spot
What are the different types of phobias?
social
specific
what is a social phobia?
social anxiety disorder (SAD
- fear of public embarrassment or humiliation
- lifetime prevalence (12%)
what are specific phobias?
fear of a particular object or non-social stimulus
- 5 sub types
- genetic predisposition
- role of conditioning - operant or classical
- observational learning (parent frighten of spider and has an unnatural response so the kid will learn that response)
what are the 5 sub types of phobias?
animal - spiders, snakes
blood injection injury - sight of blood or of getting injection
natural environment - fear of heights, eater, lightening
situation - fear of bridges or tunnels, elevators
miscellaneous - choking, vomiting, getting sick
what are the major characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?
obsession- recurrent and persistent thought, impulse or image that feels intrusive and inappropriate, difficult to ignore
- ie thoughts of contamination (washing hand hundreds of times a day), doubt ( checking the stove to make sure it’s off over and over again), ordering (meticulously organizing and reorganizing), impulsiveness
compulsion- repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels compelled to perform, usually in response to an obsession
what are the major characteristics of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Causes:
Traumatic events (car accident), especially in childhood (abuse)
fear or feeling of helplessness
What can help? propanerol has been known to help PTSD patients (helps dull the biological feelings of fearful events)
Risk factors:
Genetics
Psychological
social - not having social support
what are the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
persistent re-experiencing or traumatic events
avoidance and emotional numbing
heightened arousal
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
delusions
hallucinations (tactile or visual)
disordered behaviors
disorganized speech - talks alot and makes no sense
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
flat affect - lack expressive responses
alogia - poverty of speech, slowing in speech (not intelligible to humans
avolition - failure to form to complete goal related activities
What are delusions of schizophrenia?
persecution - someone is out to get them
grandeur - they are a VIP in the world
reference - events that occur in the world have special meaning directed at them (earthquake is a sign from god to them!)
control - the subject’s thoughts are controlled by someone else - usually government or aliens
what are the 4 subtypes of schizophrenia?
paranoid - everyone out to get them
disorganized - behavior and speech
catatonic - can’t function, lies in fetal position
undifferentiated
what are characteristics of schizophrenia?
hereditary
- 13% increase risk when one parent has the disorder
- 36% increase risk when both parents has the disorder
- 17% when a sibling has schizophrenia
- 48% when an identical twin has schizophrenia
most common in densely populated and low income areas
hispanic americans are less likely to develop schizophrenia than other groups
prenatal - maternal exposure to hunger, stress increase incidences or schizophrenia. complications leading to o2 deprivation in fetus
people in the northern hemisphere (russian, ireland, scandanavia)
Explain schizophrenia at the level of the brain
hereditary
ventricle size is increased (ie person has less brain mass because there ventricle i filled with cerebral spinal fluid)
increase in stress related hormones
dopamine hypothesis (increase surplus of this happy hormone)
Explain schizophrenia at the level of the person
perceptual problems (hallucinations) difficulty interpreting stimuli
Explain schizophrenia at the level of the group
social selection and social causation
high expressed emotion
What are the names of the two types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa - person is considerably under weight and thinks they are fat
- it’s all about control, they can control the food input
bulimia nervosa - binge and purge
what are the factors that contribute to eating disorders?
hereditary
serotonin receptors seem to malfunction (also found in OCD)
bulimia: abnormal preoccupation with food binge eating (secret) vomiting after binges abuse of laxatives diuretics and diet pills use of drugs to induce vomiting compulsive exercise swollen salivary glands and broken blood vessels in the eyes
Explain eating disorders at the level of the brain
serotonin receptors seem to malfunction (also found in OCD)
Explain eating disorders at the level of the person
perfectionists
high level of anxiety
irrational beliefs about themselves and their bodies and relationships
try to control relationship and body
Explain eating disorders at the level of the group
families with obessive concern about weird tend to have children with eating disorders
found often in assimilated immigrants from less weight conscious cultures
popular media (hong kong - no eating disorder until the last few years when a specific movie and media came out)
What are some maladaptive traits for personality disorders on axis 2?
causes and interruption to or difficulty in everyday function
cluster 1, 2, 3 disorders
What are some disorders within cluster 1 personality disorders on axis 2?
cluster 1 - odd or eccentric behavior (paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizoidtypal personality disorder)
What are some disorders within cluster 2 personality disorders on axis 2?
cluster 2 - emotional and dramatic behavior (antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder)
What are some traits of paranoid personality disorder?
suspiciousness and distrust
no delusions or hallucinations
What are some traits of schizoid personality disorder?
avoid contact social contacts - don’t want them
detachment and flat affect
What are some traits of schizoidtypal personality disorder?
unable to get close to others
avoid social contacts - anxious
odd behavior
sense of presence of spirits or others close at hand
What are some traits of antisocial personality disorder?
pathological disregard or violation of the rights of others
most difficult and dangerous disorder to treat, often people don’d seek help (court force them)
they feels they are the victim rather than perpetrators
genetics:
- men 3x more likely to have this than women (CEO’s can sometimes have this)
- brain abornmalities in the limbic system and frontal cortex
lack of understanding others emotions
insecure attachments in early relationships
can easily fake emotions and relationships
angel of death - nurse that killed many hospital patients (something he could control in his life, flat affect, blames others for his actions)
under responsive nervous system
lack of impulsivity and anger control
insecure attachment to caregiver
What are some traits of borderline personality disorder?
relations are unstable - swings between love and distain
impulsive behaviors such as reckless driving, substance abuse and unsafe sex
self mutilation, suicidual behaviors and feelings of emptiness
What are some traits of histrionic personality disorder?
attention seeing
overly expressive and emotional displays
What are some traits of narcissistic personality disorder?
exaggerates their importance in the world and to those whom they are close
lacks empathy for others feelings and points of view
What are some disorders within cluster 3 personality disorders on axis 2?
anxious and fearful behavior (avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder (NOT OCD)
What are some traits of avoidant personality disorder?
socially inept and uncomfortable
feelings of inadequancy
overly sensative
What are some traits of dependent personality disorder?
clingy and submissive
needs to be taken care of
What are some traits of obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
needs to be perfect
needs order
needs control
no actual obsessions or compulsions
