Chapter 9

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signal

Question 2

critical period

Answer 2

a time of special sensitivity to specific types of learning which shapes the capacity of future developments

Question 3

cross-sectional method

Answer 3

measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences

Question 4

longitudinal method

Answer 4

measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period of time and gives information about age changes

Question 5

germinal period

Answer 5

first stage of prenatal development, which begins with ovulation, conception and implantation in the uterus (0-2 wks gestation)

Question 6

embryonic period

Answer 6

second stage of prenatal development, which begins with uterine implantation (2-8 wks)

Question 7

fetal period

Answer 7

third and final stage of prenatal development, (8wks - birth), characterized by rapid weight gain by fetus and the fine detailing of organ and body systems

Question 8

Teratogen

Answer 8

environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development

Question 9

puberty

Answer 9

biological changes during adolescents that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

cognitive structure or “blueprint” of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience

Question 11

sensory motor stage

Answer 11

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (birth to about age 2) in which schema is developed through sensory and motor activity

Question 12

object permanence

Answer 12

Piagetine term for an infants understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched directly

Question 13

preoperational stage

Answer 13

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, roughly ages 2-7, characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, but the child lacks operations and thinking is egocentric and animistic

Question 14

egocentrism

Answer 14

inability to consider another’s point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmark of the preoperational stage

Question 15

concrete operational

Answer 15

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, about age 7-11 yrs, child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, but thinking is tied to concrete, tangible objects and events

Question 16

conservation

Answer 16

understanding that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged, even when their outward appearances changes
ex. volume

Question 17

formal operational stage

Answer 17

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, ages 11 and beyond, characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking

Question 18

attachment

Answer 18

strong emotional bond with special people that endures over time
ex. mom and baby

Question 19

imprinting

Answer 19

innate form of learning, with a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen
ex. geese (Fly Away Home movie)

Question 20

9.1 Define the developmental psychology.

Answer 20

studies age related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death

Question 21

9.4 Identify the three major stages of prenatal development

Answer 21

germinal - ovulation to implantation
embryonic - implantation to eight weeks
fetal - eight weeks to birth

Question 22

9.5 What are the major hazards to prenatal development?

Answer 22

terotogenic - capable of producing birth defects (smoking, alcohol, drugs - illegal and legal, etc…)

Question 23

9.6 Summarize early childhood physical development.

Answer 23

look up

Question 24

9.7 Describe the major physical changes associated with adolescence and adulthood.

Answer 24

puberty - sex, height, weight, skeletal growth

Question 25

9.10 Compare how children’s cognitive development changes during Piaget’s four stages.

Answer 25

1. Birth - 2 yrs = sensorimotor
2. ages 2-7 yrs = preoperational
3. 7-11 yrs = concrete operational
4. 11 and up = formal operational and self-consciousness

Question 26

9.12 Define attachment and discuss its contributions across life-span.

Answer 26

strong affectional bond with special people that endures over time.
ex. nativists and nurturists
infants failing to form attachments will affect them in all relationships.

Question 27

9.13 Discuss how infant attachment may be related to romantic love.

Answer 27

securely attached, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent infants found that their early behavioral differences may persist into romantic relationships as adults

Question 28

9.14 Discuss three key parenting styles.

Answer 28

permissive-neglectful = few parental demands/monitoring, show little to no support
ex. I don’t care about you or what you do
permissive - indulgent = very few demands, highly involved and emotionally connected
ex. I care about you and do whatever you want (Mean Girls mom as example)
authoritarian (high control, low warmth) = rigid, punitive, low on warmth and responsiveness (Dad on that 70s show)
authoritative (high control, high warmth) = parents set and enforce firm limits, highly involved, tender and emotionally supportive (the Foster’s parents)