Chapter 9 Flashcards
maturation
development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signal
critical period
a time of special sensitivity to specific types of learning which shapes the capacity of future developments
cross-sectional method
measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences
longitudinal method
measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period of time and gives information about age changes
germinal period
first stage of prenatal development, which begins with ovulation, conception and implantation in the uterus (0-2 wks gestation)
embryonic period
second stage of prenatal development, which begins with uterine implantation (2-8 wks)
fetal period
third and final stage of prenatal development, (8wks - birth), characterized by rapid weight gain by fetus and the fine detailing of organ and body systems
Teratogen
environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development
puberty
biological changes during adolescents that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity
Schema
cognitive structure or “blueprint” of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience
sensory motor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (birth to about age 2) in which schema is developed through sensory and motor activity
object permanence
Piagetine term for an infants understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched directly
preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, roughly ages 2-7, characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, but the child lacks operations and thinking is egocentric and animistic
egocentrism
inability to consider another’s point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmark of the preoperational stage
concrete operational
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, about age 7-11 yrs, child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, but thinking is tied to concrete, tangible objects and events
conservation
understanding that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged, even when their outward appearances changes
ex. volume
formal operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, ages 11 and beyond, characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking
attachment
strong emotional bond with special people that endures over time
ex. mom and baby
imprinting
innate form of learning, with a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen
ex. geese (Fly Away Home movie)
9.1 Define the developmental psychology.
studies age related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death
9.4 Identify the three major stages of prenatal development
germinal - ovulation to implantation
embryonic - implantation to eight weeks
fetal - eight weeks to birth
9.5 What are the major hazards to prenatal development?
terotogenic - capable of producing birth defects (smoking, alcohol, drugs - illegal and legal, etc…)
9.6 Summarize early childhood physical development.
look up
9.7 Describe the major physical changes associated with adolescence and adulthood.
puberty - sex, height, weight, skeletal growth
9.10 Compare how children’s cognitive development changes during Piaget’s four stages.
- Birth - 2 yrs = sensorimotor
- ages 2-7 yrs = preoperational
- 7-11 yrs = concrete operational
- 11 and up = formal operational and self-consciousness
9.12 Define attachment and discuss its contributions across life-span.
strong affectional bond with special people that endures over time.
ex. nativists and nurturists
infants failing to form attachments will affect them in all relationships.
9.13 Discuss how infant attachment may be related to romantic love.
securely attached, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent infants found that their early behavioral differences may persist into romantic relationships as adults
9.14 Discuss three key parenting styles.
permissive-neglectful = few parental demands/monitoring, show little to no support
ex. I don’t care about you or what you do
permissive - indulgent = very few demands, highly involved and emotionally connected
ex. I care about you and do whatever you want (Mean Girls mom as example)
authoritarian (high control, low warmth) = rigid, punitive, low on warmth and responsiveness (Dad on that 70s show)
authoritative (high control, high warmth) = parents set and enforce firm limits, highly involved, tender and emotionally supportive (the Foster’s parents)
