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PSY101 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

trait

A

relatively stable personal characteristic that can be used to describe someone
terms you use to describe other people (and yourself)

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2
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical technique that psychologists use to reduce the wide array of possible personality traits
statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data

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3
Q

five-factor model

A

most talked about and most promising modern trait theory
trait theory of personality that includes OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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4
Q

conscious

A

in Freudian terms, thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering

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5
Q

unconscious

A

Freud’s term for thoughts, motives, and memories blocked from normal awareness, which still exert great influence

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6
Q

id

A

(Freud) the primitive, instinctive component of personality, which works not eh pleasure principle
biological instincts and urges
lies entirely in the unconscious

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7
Q

pleasure principle

A

(Freud) the principle on which the id operates - seeking immediate gratification and avoidance of discomfort
ex. a newborn baby…it wants what it wants when it wants it!

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8
Q

ego

A

(Freud) the rational, decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle; from the Latin term ego, meaning “I”
responsible for planning, problem solving, reasoning, and controlling the id
resides primarily in the conscious and preconscious

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9
Q

reality principal

A

(Freud) the principle on which the conscious ego operates as it seeks to delay gratification of the id’s impulses until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
ego is responsible for delaying gratification until it is practical or appropriate

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10
Q

superego

A

(Freud) the “conscience” or moral component of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality
inner voice
resides primarily in the preconscious and unconscious
develops from internalized parental and societal standards

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11
Q

morality principal

A

principle on which the superego may operate which results in feelings of guilt if its rules are violated

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

(Freudian) the ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and self-deception
satisfies the id and superego by distorting reality and self-deception
ex. an alcoholic who uses his paycheck to buy drinks (a message from the id) may feel very guilty (a response from the superego)

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13
Q

repression

A

Freud’s first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness
ex. forgetting the details of a tragic accident

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14
Q

psychosexual stages

A

(Freudian theory) five developmental periods (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally
strong biological urges residing within the id supposedly push all children through these
his belief that children experience sexual feelings from birth
he believed that if child’s needs are not met, or are overindulged, at one particular stage, the child supposedly may fixate and a part of the personality will remain stuck at that stage

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15
Q

inferiority complex

A

Adler’s idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence
he believed everyone suffers from this
deep feelings of inadequacy and incompetence that arise from our feelings of helplessness as infants
he believed these early feelings result in a “will-to-power” that can take one of two paths…either cause children to strive to develop superiority over others through dominance, aggression, or expressions of envy, or - more positively - cause children to develop their full potential and creativity and to gain matter and control in their lives

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16
Q

oedipus complex

A

period of conflict during the phallic stage when tough boys are supposedly attracted to their mothers and desire to replace their fathers

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17
Q

collective unconscious

A

Jung’s concept of a reservoir of inherited, universal experiences that all humans share
identical in each person
consists of primitive images and patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that Jung called archetypes

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18
Q

tending toward insecurity, anxiety, guild, worry, and moodiness

A

neuroticism

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19
Q

being imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits

A

openness

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20
Q

being responsible, self-disciplined, organized, and high achieving

A

conscientiousness

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21
Q

tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved

A

introversion

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22
Q

being good-natured, warm, gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful

A

agreeableness

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23
Q

trait theories of personality have been criticized for _____. a)failing to explain why people develop their traits; b) not including a large number of central traits; c) failing to identify which traits last and which are transient; d) not considering situational determinants of personality; e) all but one of these options

A

e) all but one of these options

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24
Q

self-actualization

A

humanistic term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capabilities

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25
Q

unconditional postive regard

A

Rogers’ term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
a setting in which children realize that they are loved and accepted with no conditions or strings attached

26
Q

self-efficacy

A

Bandura’s term for a person’s learned expectation of success

27
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s belief that cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality

28
Q

MMPI

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality test

29
Q

projective tests

A

psychosocial tests using ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material

30
Q

Rorschach Inkblot test

A

a projective test example
presents a set of 10 cards with symmetrical abstract patterns, known as inkblots, and asks respondents to describe what they “see” in the image; their response i thought to be a projection of unconscious processes

31
Q

reliability

A

measure of the consistency and reproducibility of test scores when the test is readministered

32
Q

validity

A

ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

33
Q

self-esteem

A

appreciating one’s own worth and importance and having the character to be accountable for oneself and to act responsibly toward others

34
Q

The _____ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
a) psyche; b) id; c) conscious; d) oral stage

A

b) id

35
Q

The _____ operates on the reality principle, and the _____ contains the conscience and operates on the morality principle.
a) ego, id; b) ego, superego; c) preconscious, unconscious; d) anal stage, phallic stage

A

b) ego, superego

36
Q

Using the analogy of an iceberg, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness

A

conscious - tip of the iceberg and the highest level of awareness
preconscious - just below the surface but can readily be brought to awareness
unconscious - the large base of the iceberg and operates below the level of awareness

37
Q

briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages

A

Freud believed an individual’s adult personality reflected his or her resolution of the specific crisis presented in each psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital)

38
Q

inferiority complex

A

Adler

39
Q

power envy

A

Horney

40
Q

collective unconscious

A

Jung

41
Q

If you took the _____ approach to personality, you would emphasize internal experiences, like feelings and thoughts, and the basic worth of the individual.
a) humanistic; b) psychodynamic; c) personalistic; d) motivational

A

a) humanistic

42
Q

Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child’s uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally.
a) authoritative parenting; b) a challenging environment; c) unconditional positive regard; d) a friendly neighborhood

A

c) unconditional positive regard

43
Q

Abraham Maslow’s belief that all people are motivated toward personal growth and development is known as _____.

A

self-actualization

44
Q

What are three major criticism of humanistic theories?

A

criticized for their naive assumptions, poor testability and inadequate evidence, and narrowness in merely describing, not explaining, behavior

45
Q

Bandura’s theory of _____ suggests cognitions, behavior, and the environment all interact to produce personality.

A

reciprocal determinism

46
Q

According to Bandura, _____ involves a person’s belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals.
a) self-actualization; b) self-esteem; c) self-efficacy; d) self-congruence

A

c) self-efficacy

47
Q

People with an _____ believe the environment and external forces control events, whereas those with an _____ believe in personal control.

A

external locus of control, internal locus of control

48
Q

_____ theories emphasize the importance of genetics in the development of personality.

A

biological

49
Q

What factor appears to have the greatest influence (40 to 50 percent) on personality?
a) the environment; b) genetics; c) learning; d) unknown factors

A

b) genetics

50
Q

The _____ approach represents a blending of several theories of personality.

A

biopsychosocial

51
Q

a projective test using inkblots

A

Rorschach

52
Q

an objective, self-report personality test

A

MMPI-2

53
Q

projective test using ambiguous drawings of ambiguous human situations

A

TAT

54
Q

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of a(n) _____ test.

A

projective

55
Q

Two important criteria for evaluation the usefulness of tests used to assess personality are _____.
a) concurrence and predictions; b) reliability and validity; c) consistency and correlation; d) diagnosis and prognosis

A

b) reliability and validity

56
Q

Describe the three logical fallacies that encourage acceptance of pseudo personality tests and horoscopes.

A

because they offer generalized statements that apply to almost everyone (Barnum effect), they notice and remember events that confirm predictions and ignore the misses (fallacy of positive instances), and they prefer information that maintains a positive self-image (self-serving bias)

57
Q

13.1 differentiate personality versus traits, and discuss early trait theories and the five-factor model

A

personality - consists of unique and relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
traits - personal characteristics we use to describe someone
Gordon Allport described individuals by their trait hiearchy
Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck used factor analysis to identify the smallest possible number of traits
five-factor model - can be used to describe most individuals (OCEAN)

58
Q

13.3 describe Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to personality

A

emphasizes the power of the unconscious
the mind (psyche) reportedly functions on three levels of awareness (conscious, preconscious and unconscious).
the personality has three distinct structures (id, ego, and superego).
the ego struggles to meet the demands of both the id (angel) and superego (devil).
if demands conflict, the ego may resort to defense mechanisms to relieve anxiety

59
Q

13.11 how does biology contribute to personality?

A

biological theories emphasize brain structures, neurochemistry, and inherited genetic components of personality.
research on specific traits, such s extroversion and sensation seeking, support the biological approach

60
Q

13.13 how do psychologists measure personality?

A 
using four basic methods:  interviews, observations, objective tests, and projective techniques
interviews (structured or unstructured) and observations can provide insights into a wide variety of behaviors and personality traits.
observations, the rater looks for examples of specific behaviors and follows a careful set of evaluation guidelines
object tests (MMPI-2) use self-report questionnaires or inventories, providing objective standardized information about a large number of personality traits
projective tests (Rorschach Inkblot Test and TAT) ask test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli, which reportedly provide insight into unconscious elements of personality
61
Q

13.14 describe the key advantages and disadvantages of personality measurement

A

interviews and observations can provide valuable insights into personality, but they are time consuming and expensive, raters frequently disagree, and they often involve unnatural settings
objective tests provide specific, objective information, but they are limited because of deliberate deception and social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, cultura bias, and inappropriate use
projective tests are time consuming and have questionable reliability and validity.
- unstructured = respondents may be more willing to talk honestly about sensitive topics and projective tests are harder to fake

62
Q

13.15 list the three major fallacies associated with pseudo-personality tests

A

Barnum effect
fallacy of positive instances
self-serving bias

PSY101 (11 decks)

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