Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

prototype and hierarchy
hierarchy - starts broad and gets more specific; order of precedence in your brain; works most of the time, but not always; strategy to provide shortcuts, but doesn’t work all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prototype

A

representation of the best or most typical example of category (baseball is prototype concept of sports)
bird - what comes to mind? (example penguins and ostrich don’t always come to mind)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

algorithm

A

step by step procedure, if followed correctly will always result in a solution
ex. 10 x 2 = 2 + 2 + 2…
(complex problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

heuristic

A

there are three of these: working backward, means-end-analysis, creating subgoals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

working backwards

A

start solution or known condition and works backwards through the problem
ex. want to be a dr., then contact institutes for admissions requirements, then change course work to get there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

means-end-analysis

A

problem solver determines that measures will reduce the difference between the given states and the end goal
ex. 3.0 GPA requirement for sciences; input current people on how to get to that requirement; the means necessary to get to your end go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

creating subgoals

A

large, complex problems broken down to smaller subgoals

ex. short term goals to reach the ultimate end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mental set

A

using past strategies that worked, but may not work this time, instead of trying a new approach
ex. solving arithmetic problems
nine-dot puzzle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to view objects functioning only in the capacity it was intended for; no alternative uses

ex. child uses sofa cushion to build a fort; butterknife in place of a screw driver; these are examples of overcoming this
ex. candle problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

confirmation bias

A

what we believe overrides what is presented as fact

ex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily recalled “available” other incidents of the event
ex. see an airplane crash on the news, next time fly, they think they will crash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

All of the following examples of concepts except _____. a)trees; b) tools; c) blue; d) umbrellas

A

c) blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When asked to describe the shape and color of an apple, you probably rely on a _____.

A

prototype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For most psychologists, consciousness is a(n) _____ concept, whereas for the layperson it is a(n) _____ concept. a) automatic, health; b) artificial, natural; c) mental image, natural; d) superordinate, basic-level

A

b) artificial, natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List and describe the three stages of problem solving

A

preparation - identify the facts, determine which ones relevant, and define the goal
production - propose possible solutions or hypothesis
evaluation - determine whether the solutions meets the goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rosa is shopping in a new supermarket and wants to find a specific type of mustard. Which problem solving strategy would be most effective?
a) algorithm; b) heuristic; c) instinct; d) mental set

A

b) heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

language

A

form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specific rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

phoneme

A

smallest, basic unit of speech or sound

ex. phonetics (alphabet)

19
Q

morpheme

A

smallest, meaningful unit of language formed from a combination of phonemes
ex. combining phonetics to make a word

20
Q

grammar

A

system of rules used to create language and communications

syntax and semantics

21
Q

semantics

A

set of rules for using words to create meanings or the study of meanings
(english class…learning the rules on how to use)

22
Q

syntax

A

grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meanings
(context)

23
Q

language acquisition device

A

according to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar

24
Q

8.3 Using hierarchies to improve your thinking

A

Superordinate category = animal
middle, basic-level category = bird dog
lowest subordinate category = parakeet, chicken boxer, poodle

25
Q

8.4 Describe the three stages of problem solving

A

Step 1: Preparation = define ultimate goal, identify available options, separate the negotiable from non-negotiable
Step 2: Production = use algorithms and employ heuristics
Step 3: Evaluation = once possible solutions are tested, must evaluate to meet criteria in all three parts of step 1, if not, back to preparation stage

26
Q

8.5 Identify five common barriers to problem solving

A
  1. mental sets
  2. functional fixedness
  3. confirmation bias
  4. availability heuristic
  5. representativeness heuristic
27
Q

8.9 What is the language, and what are its basic building blocks?

A

building blocks: phonemes, morphemes, grammar, syntax, semantics

28
Q

8.12 Contrast the “nativist” versus “nurturistic” views of language development.

A 
nativist = language acquisitions device; "prewired"
nurturistic = reinforcement and shaping (ex.  rewards, punishments) needed to learn language
29
Q

telegraphic speech

A

omits nonessential connecting words

ex. me want cookie; grandma go bye-bye

30
Q

intelligence

A

fixed versus mind set; global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment; able to use thinking processes to cope with the world

31
Q

fluid intelligence

A

aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age

32
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

knowledge and skills gained through skills and experience and education that tend to increase over the life span

33
Q

8.14 What is intelligence, and is it one or many abilities?

A

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence is required

34
Q

standardization

A

establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

35
Q

8.16 Describe how psychologist measure intelligence.

A

Stanford-Binet test = loosely based on first IQ test developed in France;
mental age was divided by chronological age (actual age in years) and multiplied by 100 (IQ = MA/CA x 100)
Wechsler tests = most widely used; WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale); verbal and performance scores;
Three advantages to WAIS:
1) the tests specifically designed for different age group
2) different abilities can be evaluated either separately or together
3) people unable to speak or understand english can still be tested

36
Q

8.17 What are the three key requirements for a scientifically useful test?

A

1) standardization
2) reliability
3) validity

37
Q

reliability

A

measure of the consistency and reproducibility of test scores when test is re-administered

38
Q

validity

A

ability of the test to measure what it is designed to measure

39
Q

The g factor, originally proposed by Spearman, is best defined as _____.

A

general intelligence

40
Q

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A

fluid intelligence - refers to reasoning ability, memory, and speed of information processing
crystallized intelligence - refers to the knowledge and skills gained through experience and education

41
Q

_____ suggested people differ in their “profiles and intelligence” and that each person shows the unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses. a) Spearman; b) Binet; c) Wechsler; d) Gardner

A

d) Gardner

42
Q

Explain Sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence

A

He proposed that intelligence is composed of three aspects: analytic, creative, and practical

43
Q

What is the major differences of Sternberg’s, Binet’s and Wechsler’s intelligence scales?

A 
Sternberg-Binet = single test for the different age levels
Wechsler = consists of three separate tests for each age group

PSY101 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions