Chapter 12

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal

Question 2

emotion

Answer 2

subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running)

Question 3

instinct

Answer 3

fixed response pattern that is unlearned and found in almost all members of a species

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

body’s tendency to maintain a relatively balanced and stable internal state, such as a constant internal temperature

Question 5

hierarchy of needs

Answer 5

Maslow’s theory that lower motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be met before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-actualization)
prioritizes needs, with survival needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top

Question 6

amygdala

Answer 6

limbic system structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions
plays a key role in emotion, especially emotional response to fear
sends signal to other areas of the brain, causing increased heart rate and all other physiological reactions related to fear

Question 7

two-factor theory of emotions

Answer 7

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion depends onto factors - physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal

Question 8

extrinsic motivation

Answer 8

motivation based on external research to threats of punishment

Question 9

intrinsic motivation

Answer 9

motivation resulting from internal, personal satisfaction from a task or activity

Question 10

polygraph

Answer 10

instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness

Question 11

misattribution of arousal

Answer 11

physiologically aroused individuals make mistaken inferences about what is causing the arousal
men who are in a state of fear is more attracted to a woman, than men who are relaxed
the men mistakenly attributed some of their arousal to their attraction to the female experimenter

Question 12

12.1 define motivation and emotion, and explain why they’re studied together

Answer 12

motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
emotion refers to a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, running).
they’re studied toeter because they are inseparable

Question 13

12.3 discuss the major biopsychosocial factors that influence hunger and eating

Answer 13

several biological, internal factors, including structures in the brain, numerous chemicals, and messages from the stomach and intestines, all seem to play important roles in hunger and eating. But psychosocial factors, such as stimulus cues, cultural conditioning, and willpower also play a role

Question 14

12.6 describe the three key components of emotions

Answer 14

biological arousal (heart pounding) - most emotions involve a general, nonspecific arousal of the nervous system
cognitive (thoughts, values, and expectations) - these help to determine the type and intensity of emotional responses
behavioral expressions (smiles, frowns, running) - focuses on how we express our emotions, including facial expressions

Question 15

12.8 define extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and describe how they affect motivation

Answer 15

extrinsic - stems from external rewards or threats of punishment; research shows this can lower interest and motivation if they are not based on competency
intrinsic - comes from personal enjoyment of a task or activity

Question 16

12.9 discuss polygraph testing and its effectiveness in lie detection

Answer 16

machine measures changes in sympathetic arousal (increased heart rate, blood pressure, and so on), but research shows it is a poor “lie detector” because it cannot reliably identify whether a response is due to emotional arousal or something else, such as physical exercise, drugs, tense muscles, or even previous experiences with polygraph tests

Question 17

12.12 why do we sometimes mislabel our emotions?

Answer 17

different emotions produce similar feelings of arousal, which leads to mistaken inferences about these emotions and the source of their arousal

Question 18

12.13 discuss culturally universal emotions and differing display rules

Answer 18

studies identified 7 to 10 basic emotions that may be universal-experienced and expressed in similar ways across almost all cultures.
display rules for emotional expression differ across cultures.
most psychologists believe that emotions result from a complex interplay between evolution and culture

Question 19

i. joining a club because you want to be accepted by others

Answer 19

cognitive

Question 20

ii. two animals fighting because of their inherited, evolutionary desire for survival

Answer 20

instinct

Question 21

iii. eating to reduce hunger

Answer 21

drive reduction

Question 22

iv. studying hard for an exam because you expect that studying will result in a good grade

Answer 22

incentive

Question 23

v. skydiving because you love the excitement

Answer 23

optimal arousal

Question 24

_____ theory suggests we need a certain amount of novelty and complexity from our environment

Answer 24

optimal arousal

Question 25

_____ theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors.
a) attribution; b) motivational; c) Achievement; d) cognitive

Answer 25

d) cognitive

Question 26

Maslow’s _____ theory, suggests that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to higher levels

Answer 26

hierarchy of needs

Question 27

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid

Answer 27

self-actualization needs
esteem needs
belonging and love needs
safety needs
physiological needs (this is the base and the pyramid moves up accordingly from here

Question 28

i. increased heart rate

Answer 28

biological

Question 29

ii. crying during a sad movie

Answer 29

behavioral

Question 30

iii. believing crying is inappropriate for men

Answer 30

cognitive

Question 31

iv. shouting during a soccer match

Answer 31

behavioral

Question 32

when people are emotionally aroused, the _____ branch of the _____ nervous system works to increase heart rate and blood pressure and to activate other crisis responses

Answer 32

sympathetic, autonomic

Question 33

according to the _____, physiological arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur.
a) Cannon-Bard theory; b) James-Lange theory; c) facial-feedback hypothesis; d) two-factor theory

Answer 33

d) two-factor theory

Question 34

according to the _____, we look to external rather than internal cues to understand emotions
a) Cannon-Bard theory; b) James-Lange theory; c) facial-feedback hypothesis; d) two-factor theory

Answer 34

d) two-factor theory

Question 35

which of the following would be an example of extrinsic motivation?
a) money; b) praise; c) threats of being fired; d) all of these options

Answer 35

d) all of these options

Question 36

an elementary school began paying students $5 for each day they attend school. Overall rates of attendance increased in the first few weeks and then fell below the original starting point. this is because _____.
a) the students felt going to school wasn’t work $5; b) money is a secondary versus a primary reinforcer; c) extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value of attending school; d) the student expectancies changed to fit the situation

Answer 36

c

Question 37

they polygraph, or lie detector, measures primarily the _____ component of emotions.
a) physiological; b) articulatory; c) cognitive; d) subjective

Answer 37

a

Question 38

knowing and managing one’s emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____.
a) self-actualization; b) emotional intelligence; c) emotion metacognition; d) empathic IQ

Answer 38

b