Chapter 12 Flashcards
motivation
set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
emotion
subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running)
instinct
fixed response pattern that is unlearned and found in almost all members of a species
homeostasis
body’s tendency to maintain a relatively balanced and stable internal state, such as a constant internal temperature
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s theory that lower motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be met before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-actualization)
prioritizes needs, with survival needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top
amygdala
limbic system structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions
plays a key role in emotion, especially emotional response to fear
sends signal to other areas of the brain, causing increased heart rate and all other physiological reactions related to fear
two-factor theory of emotions
Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion depends onto factors - physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal
extrinsic motivation
motivation based on external research to threats of punishment
intrinsic motivation
motivation resulting from internal, personal satisfaction from a task or activity
polygraph
instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
misattribution of arousal
physiologically aroused individuals make mistaken inferences about what is causing the arousal
men who are in a state of fear is more attracted to a woman, than men who are relaxed
the men mistakenly attributed some of their arousal to their attraction to the female experimenter
12.1 define motivation and emotion, and explain why they’re studied together
motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
emotion refers to a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, running).
they’re studied toeter because they are inseparable
12.3 discuss the major biopsychosocial factors that influence hunger and eating
several biological, internal factors, including structures in the brain, numerous chemicals, and messages from the stomach and intestines, all seem to play important roles in hunger and eating. But psychosocial factors, such as stimulus cues, cultural conditioning, and willpower also play a role
12.6 describe the three key components of emotions
biological arousal (heart pounding) - most emotions involve a general, nonspecific arousal of the nervous system cognitive (thoughts, values, and expectations) - these help to determine the type and intensity of emotional responses behavioral expressions (smiles, frowns, running) - focuses on how we express our emotions, including facial expressions
12.8 define extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and describe how they affect motivation
extrinsic - stems from external rewards or threats of punishment; research shows this can lower interest and motivation if they are not based on competency
intrinsic - comes from personal enjoyment of a task or activity
12.9 discuss polygraph testing and its effectiveness in lie detection
machine measures changes in sympathetic arousal (increased heart rate, blood pressure, and so on), but research shows it is a poor “lie detector” because it cannot reliably identify whether a response is due to emotional arousal or something else, such as physical exercise, drugs, tense muscles, or even previous experiences with polygraph tests
12.12 why do we sometimes mislabel our emotions?
different emotions produce similar feelings of arousal, which leads to mistaken inferences about these emotions and the source of their arousal
12.13 discuss culturally universal emotions and differing display rules
studies identified 7 to 10 basic emotions that may be universal-experienced and expressed in similar ways across almost all cultures.
display rules for emotional expression differ across cultures.
most psychologists believe that emotions result from a complex interplay between evolution and culture
i. joining a club because you want to be accepted by others
cognitive
ii. two animals fighting because of their inherited, evolutionary desire for survival
instinct
iii. eating to reduce hunger
drive reduction
iv. studying hard for an exam because you expect that studying will result in a good grade
incentive
v. skydiving because you love the excitement
optimal arousal
_____ theory suggests we need a certain amount of novelty and complexity from our environment
optimal arousal
_____ theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors.
a) attribution; b) motivational; c) Achievement; d) cognitive
d) cognitive
Maslow’s _____ theory, suggests that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to higher levels
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid
self-actualization needs esteem needs belonging and love needs safety needs physiological needs (this is the base and the pyramid moves up accordingly from here
i. increased heart rate
biological
ii. crying during a sad movie
behavioral
iii. believing crying is inappropriate for men
cognitive
iv. shouting during a soccer match
behavioral
when people are emotionally aroused, the _____ branch of the _____ nervous system works to increase heart rate and blood pressure and to activate other crisis responses
sympathetic, autonomic
according to the _____, physiological arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur.
a) Cannon-Bard theory; b) James-Lange theory; c) facial-feedback hypothesis; d) two-factor theory
d) two-factor theory
according to the _____, we look to external rather than internal cues to understand emotions
a) Cannon-Bard theory; b) James-Lange theory; c) facial-feedback hypothesis; d) two-factor theory
d) two-factor theory
which of the following would be an example of extrinsic motivation?
a) money; b) praise; c) threats of being fired; d) all of these options
d) all of these options
an elementary school began paying students $5 for each day they attend school. Overall rates of attendance increased in the first few weeks and then fell below the original starting point. this is because _____.
a) the students felt going to school wasn’t work $5; b) money is a secondary versus a primary reinforcer; c) extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value of attending school; d) the student expectancies changed to fit the situation
c
they polygraph, or lie detector, measures primarily the _____ component of emotions.
a) physiological; b) articulatory; c) cognitive; d) subjective
a
knowing and managing one’s emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____.
a) self-actualization; b) emotional intelligence; c) emotion metacognition; d) empathic IQ
b
