Chapter 11

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex
sexual behaviors, such as masturbation and intercourse

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness

Question 3

gender role

Answer 3

societal expectations for “appropriate” male/female behavior

Question 4

social-learning theory of gender role development

Answer 4

gender roles are acquired through rewards, punishments, observation, and imitation

Question 5

gender-schema theory

Answer 5

gender roles are acquired through social learning and active cognitive processing
children form gender schemas (mental blueprints) of “correct” behaviors for boys versus girls

Question 6

androgyny

Answer 6

exhibiting both masculine and feminine traits; from the Greek Sandro, meaning “male,” and gyn, meaning “female”

Question 7

sexual orientation

Answer 7

primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosexual, gay, lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or the other sex (heterosexual)

Question 8

sexual response cycle

Answer 8

Masters and Johnson’s description of the four-stage bodily response to sexual arousal, which consists of excitement, plateau, organs, and resolution

Question 9

excitement phase

Answer 9

1st stage; characterized by increasing levels of arousal and increased engorgement of the genitals

Question 10

plateau phase

Answer 10

2nd stage; period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm

Question 11

orgasm phase

Answer 11

3rd stage; when pleasurable sensations peak and orgasm occurs

Question 12

resolution phase

Answer 12

final stage; when the body returns to its unaroused state

Question 13

refractory period

Answer 13

phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men

Question 14

AIDS

Answer 14

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIVs destroy the immune system’s ability to fight disease, leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic inceptions and cancers

Question 15

HIV positive

Answer 15

Human immunodeficiency virus

being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 16

11.3 define gender role, and describe the two major theories of gender-role development

Answer 16

gender roles are the societal expectations for normal and “appropriate” female and male behavior
social-learning theory of gender-role development emphasizes rewards, punishments, observation, and imitation
gender-schema theory combines social-learning theory with active cognitive processing

Question 17

11.4 what is androgyny?

Answer 17

a combination of traits generally considered male (assertive, athletic) with typically female characteristics (nurturant, yielding)

Question 18

11.8 discuss the latest research on sexual orientation

Answer 18

it remains a puzzle
recent studies - genetic and biological explanation for homosexuality has gained the strongest support
despite increased understanding, sexual orientation remains a divisive issue in the US.

Question 19

11.9 describe how biological, psychological, and social forces contribute to sexual dysfunction

Answer 19

biology plays a key role in both sexual arousal and response
ejaculation and orgasm are partially reflexive, and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) must dominate for orgasm to occur
psychological factors like negative early sexual experiences, fears of negative consequences from sex, and performance anxiety contribute to sexual dysfunction
sexual arousal and response are also related to social forces, such as early gender-role training, the double standard, and sexual scripts, which teach us what to consider the “best” sex

Question 20

11.10 discuss how sex therapists treat sexual dysfunction, and list the four major principles of Masters and Johnson’s approach

Answer 20

clinicians generally begin with tests and interviews to determine the cause(s) of the sexual dysfunction
Masters and Johnson emphasize the couple’s relationships, biological and psychosocial factors, cognitions, and specific behavioral techniques.
professional sex therapists offer important guidelines for everyone
sex education should be early and positive, a goal or performance orientation should be avoided, and communication should be kept open

Question 21

11.11 discuss the major issues related to STIs and the special problem of AIDS

Answer 21

dangers and rates are high (higher in women), most STIs can be cured in their early stages
most publicized is AIDS.
transmitted only through sexual contact or exposure to infected bodily fluids, many people have rational fears of contagion
increasing number of North Americans are HIV positive and therefore carriers.

Question 22

chromosomal sex

Answer 22

XX and XY

Question 23

gender identity

Answer 23

self-perception as male or female

Question 24

gonadal sex

Answer 24

ovaries and testes

Question 25

gender role

Answer 25

differing societal expectations for appropriate male and female behavior

Question 26

hormonal sex

Answer 26

estrogens and androgens

Question 27

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 27

breasts, beard, menstruation

Question 28

external genitals

Answer 28

labia majora, clitoris, penis, scrotum

Question 29

sexual orientation

Answer 29

homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual

Question 30

internal accessory organs

Answer 30

uterus, vagina, prostate gland, vas deferens

Question 31

briefly summarize the two major theories of gender-role development

Answer 31

social-learning theory emphasizes learning through rewards, punishments, and imitation
gender-schema theory focuses on the active, thinking processes of the child.

Question 32

a combination of both male and female personality traits is called _____.

Answer 32

androgyny

Question 33

individuals who have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of one sex but feel as if they belong to the other sex are known as _____.
a) transvestites; b) heterosexuals; c) gays or lesbians; d) transsexuals

Answer 33

d

Question 34

briefly describe Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle

Answer 34

four-stage sexual response cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution) that acknowledged both similarities and differences between the sexes.
differences are the focus of most research

Question 35

the genetic influence on sexual orientation has been supported by research reporting that _____.
a) between identical twins, if one brother is gay, the other brother has a 48 to 65 percent chance of also being gay; b) gay men have fewer chromosomal pairs than straight men, whereas lesbians have larger areas of the hypothalamus than straight women; c) between adoptive pairs of brothers, if the younger brother is gay, the older brother has an increased chance of also being gay; d) parenting style influences adult sexual orientation for men but not for women

Answer 35

c

Question 36

a homosexual orientation appears to be the result of _____.
a) seduction during childhood or adolescence by an older homosexual; b) a family background that includes a dominant mother and a passive, detached father; c) a hormonal imbalance; c) unknown factors

Answer 36

d