Chapter 11 Flashcards
sex
biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex
sexual behaviors, such as masturbation and intercourse
gender
psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness
gender role
societal expectations for “appropriate” male/female behavior
social-learning theory of gender role development
gender roles are acquired through rewards, punishments, observation, and imitation
gender-schema theory
gender roles are acquired through social learning and active cognitive processing
children form gender schemas (mental blueprints) of “correct” behaviors for boys versus girls
androgyny
exhibiting both masculine and feminine traits; from the Greek Sandro, meaning “male,” and gyn, meaning “female”
sexual orientation
primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosexual, gay, lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or the other sex (heterosexual)
sexual response cycle
Masters and Johnson’s description of the four-stage bodily response to sexual arousal, which consists of excitement, plateau, organs, and resolution
excitement phase
1st stage; characterized by increasing levels of arousal and increased engorgement of the genitals
plateau phase
2nd stage; period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm
orgasm phase
3rd stage; when pleasurable sensations peak and orgasm occurs
resolution phase
final stage; when the body returns to its unaroused state
refractory period
phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIVs destroy the immune system’s ability to fight disease, leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic inceptions and cancers
HIV positive
Human immunodeficiency virus
being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
11.3 define gender role, and describe the two major theories of gender-role development
gender roles are the societal expectations for normal and “appropriate” female and male behavior
social-learning theory of gender-role development emphasizes rewards, punishments, observation, and imitation
gender-schema theory combines social-learning theory with active cognitive processing
11.4 what is androgyny?
a combination of traits generally considered male (assertive, athletic) with typically female characteristics (nurturant, yielding)
11.8 discuss the latest research on sexual orientation
it remains a puzzle
recent studies - genetic and biological explanation for homosexuality has gained the strongest support
despite increased understanding, sexual orientation remains a divisive issue in the US.
11.9 describe how biological, psychological, and social forces contribute to sexual dysfunction
biology plays a key role in both sexual arousal and response
ejaculation and orgasm are partially reflexive, and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) must dominate for orgasm to occur
psychological factors like negative early sexual experiences, fears of negative consequences from sex, and performance anxiety contribute to sexual dysfunction
sexual arousal and response are also related to social forces, such as early gender-role training, the double standard, and sexual scripts, which teach us what to consider the “best” sex
11.10 discuss how sex therapists treat sexual dysfunction, and list the four major principles of Masters and Johnson’s approach
clinicians generally begin with tests and interviews to determine the cause(s) of the sexual dysfunction
Masters and Johnson emphasize the couple’s relationships, biological and psychosocial factors, cognitions, and specific behavioral techniques.
professional sex therapists offer important guidelines for everyone
sex education should be early and positive, a goal or performance orientation should be avoided, and communication should be kept open
11.11 discuss the major issues related to STIs and the special problem of AIDS
dangers and rates are high (higher in women), most STIs can be cured in their early stages
most publicized is AIDS.
transmitted only through sexual contact or exposure to infected bodily fluids, many people have rational fears of contagion
increasing number of North Americans are HIV positive and therefore carriers.
chromosomal sex
XX and XY
gender identity
self-perception as male or female
gonadal sex
ovaries and testes
gender role
differing societal expectations for appropriate male and female behavior
hormonal sex
estrogens and androgens
secondary sex characteristics
breasts, beard, menstruation
external genitals
labia majora, clitoris, penis, scrotum
sexual orientation
homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual
internal accessory organs
uterus, vagina, prostate gland, vas deferens
briefly summarize the two major theories of gender-role development
social-learning theory emphasizes learning through rewards, punishments, and imitation
gender-schema theory focuses on the active, thinking processes of the child.
a combination of both male and female personality traits is called _____.
androgyny
individuals who have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of one sex but feel as if they belong to the other sex are known as _____.
a) transvestites; b) heterosexuals; c) gays or lesbians; d) transsexuals
d
briefly describe Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle
four-stage sexual response cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution) that acknowledged both similarities and differences between the sexes.
differences are the focus of most research
the genetic influence on sexual orientation has been supported by research reporting that _____.
a) between identical twins, if one brother is gay, the other brother has a 48 to 65 percent chance of also being gay; b) gay men have fewer chromosomal pairs than straight men, whereas lesbians have larger areas of the hypothalamus than straight women; c) between adoptive pairs of brothers, if the younger brother is gay, the older brother has an increased chance of also being gay; d) parenting style influences adult sexual orientation for men but not for women
c
a homosexual orientation appears to be the result of _____.
a) seduction during childhood or adolescence by an older homosexual; b) a family background that includes a dominant mother and a passive, detached father; c) a hormonal imbalance; c) unknown factors
d
