Chapter 5 - States of Consciousness

Question 1

_____ is (are) best defined as an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings. (a) Alternate states of consciousness (ASCs); (b) Consciousness; (c) States of consciousness; (d) selective attention

Answer 1

b) consciousness

Question 2

What are alternate states of consciousness (ASCs)?

Answer 2

Mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, meditation, and so on.

Question 3

Controlled processes require _____ attention, whereas automatic processes need _____ attention.

Answer 3

focused, minimal

Question 4

As you read this text, you should _____. (a) be in an alternate state of consciousness; (b) employ automatic processing; (c) let your stream of consciousness take charge; (d) employ controlled processing

Answer 4

d) employ controlled processing

Question 5

Biological rhythms that occur on a daily basis are called ______ rhythms.

Answer 5

circadian

Question 6

Jet lag primarily results from _____. (a) sleep deprivation; (b) disruption of the circadian rhythms; (c) the effect of light on the pineal gland; (d) disruption of brain-wave patterns that occurs at high altitudes

Answer 6

b) disruption of the circadian rhythms

Question 7

The machine that measures the voltage (or brain waves) that the brain produces is _____.

Answer 7

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 8

Just before sleep onset, brain waves move from _____ waves, indication normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation. (a) beta, alpha; (b) theta, delta; (c) alpha, beta; (d) sigma, chi

Answer 8

a) beta, alpha

Question 9

Which of the six common myths about sleep did you previously believe to be factual?

Answer 9

varying answers…

Question 10

How does the repair/restoration theory of sleep differ from the evolutionary/circadian theory?

Answer 10

Repair/restoration theory suggests we sleep to physically restore our mind and body. Evolutionary/circadian theory says that sleep evolved because it helped conserve energy and provided protection from predators.

Question 11

Freud believed that dreams were the “royal road to the _____.” (a) therapeutic alliance; (b) psyche; (c) latent content; (d) unconscious

Answer 11

d) unconscious

Question 12

_____ Theory states that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells. In contrast, the ______ view suggests dreams serve an information-processing function and help us sift and sort our everyday experiences and thoughts. (a) Biological, learning; (b) Cognitive, wish-fulfillment; (c) Activation-synthesis, cognitive (d) Psychodynamic, infodynamic

Answer 12

c) Activation-synthesis, cognitive

Question 13

After periods of stress and intense learning, _____ sleep increases.

Answer 13

REM

Question 14

Following are four descriptions of people suffering from sleep disorders. Label each type.

(a) George awakens many times each night and feels fatigued and poorly rested the next day.
(b) While sleeping, Joan often snores loudly and frequently stops breathing temporarily.
(c) Xavier complains to his physician about sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during his normal work day.
(d) Tyler is a young child who often wakes up terrified and cannot describe what has happened. These episodes occur primarily during NREM sleep.

Answer 14

a) insomnia
b) sleep apnea
c) narcolepsy
d) night terrors

Question 15

_____ drugs change conscious awareness, mood, and/or perception

Answer 15

Psychoactive

Question 16

_____ drugs inhibit normal synaptic transmission, whereas _____ drugs enhance synaptic transmission.

Answer 16

antagonistic, agonistic

Question 17

Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others is known as _____. (a) addiction; (b) physical dependence; (c) psychological dependence; (d) drug abuse

Answer 17

d) drug abuse

Question 18

How does physical dependence differ from psychological dependence?

Answer 18

Physical dependence refers to changes in the bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning. Psychological dependence refers to the desire or craving to achieve a drug’s effect.

Question 19

Identify the four major categories of psychoactive drugs.

Answer 19

depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

Question 20

_____ is a group of techniques designed to focus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an alternate state of consciousness (ASC). (a) Hypnosis; (b) Scientology; (c) Parapsychology; (d) Meditation

Answer 20

d) Meditation

Question 21

List the five major characteristics of hypnosis.

Answer 21

narrowed, highly focused attention, increased use of imagination and hallucinations, a passive and receptive attitude, decreased responsiveness to pain, and heightened suggestibility

Question 22

Why is it almost impossible to hypnotize an unwilling participant?

Answer 22

Hypnosis requires the subject to make a conscious decision to relinquish some personal control of his or her consciousness

Question 23

List the five myths of hypnosis.

Answer 23

forced hypnosis, unethical behavior, faking, superhuman strength, exceptional memory

Question 24

Which of the common dream themes are closest to your own experience.

Answer 24

answers vary