Chapter 10 - part 2 Flashcards
preconventional level
Kohlberg’s 1st level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and exchange of favors
conventional level
Kohlberg’s 2nd level of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society
postconventional level
Kohlberg’s highest level of moral development, in which individuals develo[p personal standards for right and wrong and define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
Kohlberg
1927-1987
most influential research in moral development
presented “moral stories”
believed that his stages or moral development are universal and invariant - meaning they exist in all cultures, and everyone goes through each of the stages in a predictable fashion
grief
their are 4 stages initial phase - numbness 2nd phase - yearning 3rd phase - organization/despair 4th phase - resolution/reorganization stage
10.1 what is the biological perspective on morality?
morality may be prewired and evolutionarily based (e.g. adoption of motherless chimp babies by other chimps promotes species survival)
10.2 describe Kohlberg’s three levels and six stages of moral development
morality progresses through three levels and each level consists of three stages
pre conventional level = morality is self-centered. what is right is what one can get away with (stage 1) or what is personally satisfying (stage 2)
conventional level = morality is based on a need for approval (stage 3) and obedience to laws because they maintain the social order (stage 4)
post conventional level = morality comes from adhering to the social construct (stage 5) and the individual’s own principles and universal values (stage 6)
10.10 describe grief and list its four stages
a natural and painful reaction to a loss
consists of four major stages - numbness, yearning, disorganization/despair, and resolution
10.12 what are Kubler-Ross’s five stages of death and dying, are they a myth, and what is thanatology?
five-stage psychological process when facing death (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance) has been criticized and is now generally considered a myth
however, the study of death and dying (thanatology) has become an important topic in human development
10.13 how do individualistic versus collectivistic cultures affect personality development?
individualistic cultures, the needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group
the reverse is true in collectivistic cultures
10.3 what are the three major criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory?
criticized for possibly measuring only moral reassign and not moral behavior, and for possible culture and gender bias
according to Kohlberg’s theory of morality, self-interest and avoiding punishment are characteristic of the _____ level, personal standards or universal principles characterize the _____ level, and gaining approval or following the rules describes the _____ level.
preconventional, postconventional, conventional
Calvin would like to wear baggy, torn jeans and a nose ring, but he is concerned that others will disapprove. Calvin is at Kohlberg’s _____ level of morality.
a) conformity; b) approval seeking; c) conventional; d) preconventional
c
five-year-old Tyler believes “bad things are what you get punished for.” Tyler is at Kohlberg’s _____ level of morality.
preconventional
explain the possible cultural and gender bias in Kohlberg’s theory.
his theory may reflect moral reasoning and not moral behavior, it also may be culturally and/or gender biased
