Chapter 9 Flashcards
Development
- New people change over their life span physically, cognitively, and socially.
- Study of how people are different at different stages of life
Nature
Provides suceptability to certain things and push toward things
Nuture
learning
Behavioral genetics
How humans are genetically driven to engage in certain behaviors
Evolutionary Psychologists
Seeing similarities across cultures (fear of spiders, heights, etc.)
Continuity development
- on a line
- develop slowly
Stage development
develop in fits or levels
Cross-Sectional Research Design
Different participants of various ages are compared at one point in time to determine age-related DIFFERENCES
Group 1: 20 year olds
Group 2: 40 year olds
Group 3: 60 year olds
Research done in 2014
Longitudinal Research Design
The same participants are studied at various ages to determine age-related CHANGES
Study 1: 20 year olds
Study 2: Same people at 40 yrs
Study 3: Same people at 60 yrs
Cross-Sequential Design
Different participants of various ages are compared at several points in time, to determine both age-related DIFFERENCES and age-related CHANGES
Study 1:
G1: 20 year olds
G2: 40 year olds
Study 2:
G1: now 25 year olds
G2: now 24 year olds
Chromosome
- In nucleus
- coiled chain of DNA
Gene
- small segments of DNA; code for proteins
- made of base-pair combinations
- Base-pair mutation: source of genetic diversity
*AT GC
Polygenic inheritance
gene complexes
Identical Twins (Monozygotic)
- One egg splits into two organisms
- genetically identical
Concordance rate
When one twin has it, what is the likelyhood that the other twin has it too?
ex: Concordance rate for bipolar disorder as high as 80-90% =, tells you influence of genes is profound
Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic)
- Genetic inheritance, 50% is shared
- 2 separate eggs
Adoption studies
- Identical twins but raised in different families
- Environment has NO impact on personality traits
- Environment DOES influence attitude, values, manners, faith, and political stances
Environmental Influences are important
Prenatal: human twins sometimes share the same placenta and are more alike
Germinal period (zygotic) *Prenatal
First 2 weeks, dividing
Embryonic period
*Prenatal
- 3-8 weeks
- Critical period: baby most at risk, maximally sensitive to environmental influence
Teratogens
Alter formations of major systems by hazards such as:
- radiation
- industrial chemicals (mercury PCBs)
- diseases/viruses (syphilis, genital herpes, aids)
- drugs
Fetal period
*Prenatal
- looking distinctly human
- rapid growth
- major systems are maturing
- mo. 4: can feel the baby move
- mo. 5: have all brain cels needed **
- distinct wake sleep cycles
Newborn reflexes
-Grasping, startle, stepping, rooting, sucking
Visual system: least developed system
Infant Brain vs. Body
- Brain development is much more dramatic than body
- Brain = 25% of adult weight
- Body = 5% of adult weight
- Brain cells pruning: Glial cells help and grow
- Infantile Amnesia
Motor Stages:
- sitting up and walking
- milestones help track normal development
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Age related stage. sequential movement through stages
-from one to the next to the next
Sensorimotor
*Piaget
0-2 years
- Schemas: cognitive framework for something
ex: what you see on farm, cows, barn, etc. - Assimilation: absorbing something into schema, framework
ex: Getting a cat and bunny confused - Accommodation: adapting to schema, altering the schema
ex: differentiating between the two, correcting
Theory of mind: Sally and Ann test
-One has their own mind and mental state
-Stranger anxiety
Preoperational
*Piaget
2-7 years
Symbolic learning: numbers signifying quantity, attaching meanings to words
Symbolic play: toys represent things that happen in real life (toy cars)
Egocentrism: They can’t see the world through someone else’s eyes (developing this throughout stage)
Conservation: Thinking about quantity, how a quantity is conserved (stays the same) *develop this at the end of stage
(video of little boy)
-Irreversibility: inability to reserve the process (water going from a short glass to a tall glass)
-Centration: focusing on one aspect of what they see (little girl drawing head huge because she’s focusing on one aspect)
Concrete Operational
*Piaget
7-12 years
- able to think logically with concrete things
- inability to think hypothetically/abstractly
- Difficulty explaining things, has to show the person physically
Formal Operational
*Piaget
12+ years
- Abstract and hypothetical thinking (correlation between coming to class and getting good grades
- May be limited to areas of expertise.special interest (some people are good at math, some english)
Temperament of infant and child development
-in born emotional, excitability , well defined at birth, “easy” baby, might be difficult babies then warm up
Attachment in infant and child development
- emotional bond between caregiver and infant
- emerges at 6 months
- Harry Harlow’s monkeys (1950s)
- was interested in how monkeys think, he moved monkeys cages and was going to wash dirty blankets, and monkeys were attached
- suggested not to touch new born babies because of germs
- behaviorists suggested not to spoil babies by comfort
- mother as “food factory”
Conclusions on attachment:
-effects later in life on social competence
Effects later in life on social competence
- agressive fights
- inability to copulate
- inability to raise offspring
Mary Ainsworth
Took mother and baby (1-2) years and brought them to a room with toys, stranger walks in and mother leaves
- Criticisms: whether or not these things persist in life
- Affects on adults: romantic relationships draw back to type of attachment
Secure child
*Mary Ainsworth
- Child plays, then checks in with mom, cycle
- When mother leaves is distressed and when she returns is soother
*Have a loving and sensitive mom
Avoidant child
*Mary Ainsworth
- Willing to explore, but avoids the stranger and mom
- No big response when mother leaves or returns
*Have a cold, rejecting, insensitive mom
Ambivalent child
*Mary Ainsworth
- Clings to mom, doesn’t explore
- When mom leaves, extreme distress, when mom returns, the child is still distressed, difficult to soothe, and tries to push mother away
*Have mothers who are inconsistent
Disorganized/disoriented child
*Mary Ainsworth
- Child was dazed
- Went to mother, but eyes turned away from her
Erick Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages
Going through crises that are resolved positively or negatively
Infant (birth-1)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infants learn a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met
Successful: If babies’need for food, comfort, etc. are met, they develop a sense of trust in people and expect those needs to be met in future
Unseccessful: If babies’ needs are not met, they develop a sense of mistrust and do not expect their needs to be met in future
Toddler (1-3)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions
Successful: Toddlers who are successful in controlling their own actions develop independence
Unsuccessful: Toddlers whose attempts at being independent are blocked, develop a sense of self doubt and shame for failing
Preschool Age (3-5) Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control
Successful: If preschoolers succeed in controlling their reactions and behaviors, they feel capable and develop a sense of initiative
Unsuccessful: If preschoolers fail in controlling their reactions and behavior, they feel irresponsible, anxious, and develop a sense of guilt
Elementary Age (5-12) Industry vs. Inferiority
The school aged children must learn new skills in both academic and social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure
Successful: When children feel they have succeeded at learning these skills, they develop a sense of industry, making them feel competent and improving their self-esteem
Unsuccessful: When children fail or feel that they have failed in learning these skills, they feel inferior when compared to others
Adolescence (13- early 20s)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult
Successful: adolescents who are able to define their values, goals, and beliefs will develop a stable sense of identity
Unsuccessful: Adolescents who are unable to define themselves remain confused and may isolate themselves from others or try to be like everyone else instead of themselves
Early Adulthood (20s and 30s) Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in an ongoing, close, personal relationship
Successful: Young adults who successfully find someone and share their identities will have a fulfilling relationship founded on psychological intimacy
Unsuccessful: Young adults who are unable to find someone will isolate themselves and may experience loneliness, even when involved in shallow relationships with others
Middle Adulthood (40s and 50s) Generativity vs. Stagnation
The focus of this task is to find a way to be a creative, productive person who is nuturing the next generating
Successful: Adults who are able to focus on the next generation will be productive and creative, leaving a legacy for the future
Unsuccessful: Adults who are unable to focus outside themselves will remain stagnated, self-centered, and feeling that they have not made a difference
Late Adulthood (60+) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
The task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been
Successful: Older adults who are able to come to terms with their lives, things they have done and left undone, and able to “let go” of regrets will have a sense of completion and will see death as simply the last stage of a full life
Unsuccessful: Older adults who have not been able to achieve identity or intimacy or generativity, who cannot let go of their regrets, will feel a sense of having left things too late and see death as coming too soon
Adolescence Cognitive
- At formal operational stage: abstract reasoning
- Another form of Egocentrism
Personal fable
Adolescents spend more time thinking about themselves and making themselves feel unique
ex: no one understands me
ex: they think they are invincible, “that will never happen to me”
Imaginary audience
Extreme self-conscious feelings
Lawrence Kholberg
Came up with an idea about how we develop morality
- Preconventinal morality:
* Kholberg’s Stage Theory
Governed by external consequences, don’t internalize rules and roles
ex: child who steals a toy from another child and does not get caught does not see the action as wrong
- Conventional Stage
* Kholberg’s Stage Theory
Conformaty and social influence were guided by out social roles and we have expectations of right and wrong (rules)
ex: A child scolds a parent for littering because there is a sign saying not to do so
- Post Conventional
* Kholberg’s Stage Theory
Morally internalized values
ex: people are willing to risk harm to help and stand up for what they believe in
Kholberg’s Stage Theory Criticisms
- Gender differences
2. Given scenarios, what would you do
Authoritarian Parent
- high control, low responsiveness
ex: Hilter, physical punishment
*Kids: emerge with low self-esteem, fearful, do not do well in school
Permissive neglectful (indifferent) Parent
- low control, low responsiveness
ex: no basic rules, no discipline
*Kids- don’t learn responsibility, insecurely attached
Permissive indulgent Parent
- low control, high responsiveness
ex: spoiled
*Kids- feel entitles, self-centered
Authoritative Parent
**
- high control, high responsiveness
ex: establish clear rules, allow communication back and forth, kids help make the rules
*Kids- are well adjusted, happy, socially
competent, high self esteem
Why do parents have different effects?
-Childs sense of control
High- child will internalize behaviors
ex: “I obey my parents because I’m a good person”
Low- child will externalize behaviors
ex: “I obey my parents of else they’ll punish me”
Crystalized Intelligence
*Adults
Facts and knowledge
Fluid Intelligence
*Adults
Problem solving ability
Intelligence in Adults
-Peaks at 40 years old, both crystalized and fluid
Alzheimer’s Diease
Progression of problems with cognition
Social development
*Adults
Midlife transition (midlife crisis)- gentler, more satisfying than midlife crisis
Erickson’s theory of social development viewed the ages of 3 to 6, his third stage as being characterized by the major challenge of ______
initiative vs. guilt
The adage, “out of sight out of mind” is most accurately applied to the early part of the ____ stage
sensorimotor
A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, using the
longitudial method
The mother of a young child who didn’t like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, “There now you won’t have to drink so much”. She would have never had fooled the child if he had not been in the ______ stage
preoperational
The period of development from conception to birth is called the
prenatal period
Developmental norms are useful because they
alert parents to extreme developmental deviations
A typical statement of someone in the ____ level of Kholberg’s moral development would be, “Im not going to steal because I’ll probably be punished if I do”
preconventional
The first stage of Erikson’s Personality Theory is known as
Trust vs. Mistrust
Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called
accomodation
Katherine is nice to Sally, even though she doesn’t like Sally at all, because most of her friends like Sally. Katherine is in which stage of moral development according to Kholberg?
Conventional
If a child can tell you what Y is equal to when you give her the equation X=Y+10 then she is in the ____ stage
formal operational
Dr. Halk is studying a group of 25 youngsters from they time they are born until they reach school age, This is known as _____
longitudial research
