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Psychology 100 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Active system receives info from senses, puts into useable form, and organizes for storage

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2
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing Model PDP

A

-emphasizes parallel pathways/processing things are connected in a network
-Unconscious processing: happening automatically and effortless
ex:
Space: unconsciously, where items are in relation to another
Time: mentally sequencing events in time (retracing steps)
Frequency: amount of times you do something, processing number of times you do chores vs. number of times siblings do

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3
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A
  • How deeply we process
  • If you process deeply, retention is better
  • Understand meaning- deeply processing
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4
Q

Information Processing Model

A
  • The way it is processed in 3 stages

- Each stage differs in capacity, duration, and function

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • Capacity= large
  • Duration= short
  • Function= Big snapshots of environment
  • Iconic memory lasts up to 3 seconds
  • George Sperling: flashing letters and tones
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6
Q

Echolic memory

A

Saying “what?” after being asked a question then having enough time and realizing you know what was said

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7
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Photographic memory

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8
Q

Short term memory

A

-Capacity= small (7+-2_
-Duration= short
Function= one that will help us transfer into long term memory and then retrieve it
-Conscious process
-Selective attention and cocktail party effect: selectively pay attention to your name being heard at a party
-Auditory and visual effect

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9
Q

Working memory

A

“CEO”

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10
Q

Episodic buffer

A
  • an episode/experience in your life

ex: remembering an iclicker/soemthing said

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11
Q

Visou-spatial Sketchpad

A

Visually exploring

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12
Q

Maintenance rehersal

A
  • repeating numbers in your head
  • George Miller came up with the amount of numbers you can share in short term memory
  • 7 plus or minus 2 (7+-2)
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13
Q

Method of Loci

A

Walking around the house and using each point for each section (location)- visual imagery

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14
Q

Peg-word

A
  • Rhyming technique

ex: 1,2 buckle my shoe

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15
Q

Acronyms

A

BeingAdvisedToDream

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16
Q

Link System

A

Linking many things you have to do one thing.

ex: visualizing all duties into one visual thing

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17
Q

Long term memory

A
  • Capacity = unlimited
  • Duration = long term
  • Function = storage of memories
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18
Q

Self-reference effect

A
  • relate to info you already know

- generate examples from own experiences

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19
Q

Spacing effect

A
  • Studying at short periods of time

- Spacing out

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20
Q

Explicit

A
  • direct detail, declare them
  • with conscious recall
  • episodic memory- about an experience
  • semantic: general FACTUAL knowledge
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21
Q

Implied

A
  • procedural (implied)
  • Go without saying (closing the door when leaving one’s house)
  • motor skills (tying shoes)
  • cognitive skills (math)
  • unconscious recall
22
Q

Semantic Network Model

A
  • PDP model

- Cluster things together

23
Q

Retrieval cues

A
  • Encoding specificity: the cues that you have present during encoding will be retrieved best if you have those same set of cues there in retrieval (music)
  • State-dependent learning
    ex: In a sad state, you retrieve things congruent with the sad state
    ex: If you study ‘high’ take the test ‘high’
24
Q

Recall

A

-Without cues
Serial Position effect:
-Primacy: first, beginning of list
-Recency: most recent, end of list

25
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Unconscious processing

26
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

High EMOTIONAL content and some physiological component involved

  • high level of certainty
  • taking a picture of that memory
27
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A
  • Eyewitness testimonials: accuracy depends on how you ask questions
  • Misinformation effect: can actually alter your memory of the event
  • False memory syndrome: under hypnosis, plausible events
28
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A
  • Forgetting curve
  • Nonsense syllables (ROH, LEZ, GEX, WOL)
  • Rapid forgetting of some info relatively soon after Ebbinghaus learned the nonsense syllables
  • Very little memory loss of the remaining info over the course of the following several weeks
  • rapid decline then steady
29
Q

Encoding failure

REASON FOR FORGETTING #1

A

If you don’t pay attention then you will never be able to retrieve it

30
Q

Decay theory

REASON FOR FORGETTING #2

A

Physiological theory of memory. Physical trace in brain would decay if you don’t use it
(use it or lose it)

31
Q

Retroactive interference

REASON FOR FORGETTING #3

A

Recalling old info, but new info interferes
“retro = old”
ex: can’t remember old number because new one interferes

32
Q

Proactive interference

A

Recalling new info, but old interferes

ex: saying ex’s name to current behavior

33
Q

Biological Basis of Memory

A

Karl Lashley- physical piece in the brain

-memory trace (engram)

34
Q

Brain areas involved

A

Hippocampus
-Explicit –> longterm

Cerebellum
-eye blink reflex

Amygdala
-emotion

Cortex
-storage

35
Q

Storage

A
  • Changes in neurons with long term memory
  • Used aplysia (sea snail)
  • Changes alter repeated stimulation or Long term potential

Structure: Increase in dendrites

36
Q

memory consolidation

A
  • Work with something by encoding it

- biological processes are working in brain although you don’t consciously remember

37
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A
  • Moving backwards

- Losing OLD memory

38
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A
  • Losing NEW memory

ex: 50 first dates

39
Q

HM Henrey

A

Severe epilepsy, removed temporal lobes, could not form new memories.

  • Lost ability to say things (explicit)
  • Still had implicit memory- skills/procedures (Tower of Hanoi)
40
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A
  • Can’t remember 2 and younger because brain isn’t matured

- hippocampus immaturity

41
Q

If you want to remember something simple for just a couple of minutes, the MOST effective device is

A

rote rehersal

42
Q

Your tutor has one last word for you before she ends today’s session. She tells you to study material in the middle of your study session a little harder. What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?

A

Serial Position effect

43
Q

Christine has always had an usually effective memory. She credits this to the fact that after seeing something just once, she can visualize the object in great detail, as if she was looking at a photograph of it. Christine’s ability is an example of

A

Eidetic imagery

44
Q

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

A

It does not operate on a conscious level

45
Q

What theory of forgetting attributes it to the more passage of time?

A

decay

46
Q

Memory is

A

a system that allows people to retain information over time

47
Q

What we are thinking of at any given moment, or what we commonly know as ‘consciousness; is

A

short-term memory

48
Q

Although the capacity of short-term memory is limited, more items can be held in this kind of storage through the process of

A

chunking

49
Q

Tim is studying for a test. After 7 consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim’s memory problems are BEST explained by

A

retroactive interference

50
Q

The passage of time and frequency of events are examples of knowledge that is often subject to

A

automatic encoding

51
Q

The auditory equivalent of the icon is the

A

echo

52
Q

Use it or lose it would most likely be associated with

A

trace decay theory

Psychology 100 (12 decks)

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