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Psychology 100 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biopsychological perspective

A

How internal events of processes correspond with our experiences and behavior

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2
Q

Action Potential (electrical-chemical signal)

A
  • Ions exist in different concentrations outside and inside the cell
  • Ions tend to move into or out of the cell based on the influence of different forces
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3
Q

Depolarization

Step 1 of Action Potential

A
  • Stimulus threshold
  • Na+ channels open
  • Inside becomes positively charged
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4
Q

Repolarization

Step 2 of Action Potential

A
  • Na+ channels close (refractory period)
  • K+ channels open
  • Inside regains negative charge
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5
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • Provide structural support
  • Provide myelin
  • Help carry away waste
  • Help provide nutrition
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6
Q

All-or-none law

A
  • Action potential will take place completely all at one of none
  • Heads all the way down the output through the Axon and goes all the way through
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7
Q

Rate law

A

-Neurons fire at a high frequency or at a low frequency

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8
Q

Speed of Action Potential

A
  • Factors affecting the speed of nerve conduction

- Myelin

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9
Q

Synaptic gap

A

-Separates the axon terminals from the dendrites

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10
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A
  • Storage sacs containing neurotransmitter

- Fuse with presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

Positive ions

A
  • Na+
  • Depolarize the neuron
  • Excite the neuron
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12
Q

Negative ions

A
  • Cl-
  • Hyperpolarize
  • Inhibits the neuron
  • Slows it down
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13
Q

4 ways drugs can affect Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Increase of decrease NT
  2. Block reuptake
  3. Mimic NT (agonist)
  4. Block receptors (antagonist)
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14
Q

Agonists

A
  • NT naturally activate receptors and allow ions to enter postsynaptic neuron
  • Some drugs are shaped like NT
  • They fit the receptor well and act like the NT
    ex: morphine
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15
Q

Antagonists

A
  • Fit the receptor poorly and do nothing but block the NT

ex: beta blockers

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16
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Acts with sympathy
  • Fight or Flight
  • Strong Emotions-rage
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17
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Storing energy

- After Thanksgiving meal

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18
Q

Recording Electrical Activity

A
  • Electroencephalograph (EEG)
  • Independent Component Analysis
  • Event-related potential (ERP)
19
Q

Neuroimaging

A
  • Computed tomography (CT or CAT)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
20
Q

PET (Position Emission Tomography)

A
  • Tracks radioactive compound

- Collects color-coded info over several minutes

21
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A
  • Bombard brain with magnetic field and measure electromagnetic response signal
  • Highly detailed images of internal structures
  • Tissues bounce energy off
22
Q

Pons

Hindbrain

A
  • Helps coordinate movement on left and right sides of the body
  • Tissues moving back and forth (bridge) helps control movement
23
Q

Cerebellum

Hindbrain

A
  • “little brain”
  • Coordination, posture, balance, motor skills
  • Learned reflexes, skills, habits

-Lesions to cerebellum:
jerky, exaggerated movements, shaking hands, difficulty walking, loss of balance

24
Q

Medulla

Hindbrain

A
  • Breathing
  • Heart rate
  • Digestion
  • Vital reflexes
    • coughing
    • swallowing
    • sneezing
25
Q

Midbrain

Hindbrain

A
  • Relay station processing auditory and visual stimuli (for reflexes)
  • Dopamine-producing neurons involved in motor control
  • See something moving in periphreal –>orient to that
  • Drop a book –> turn and look
26
Q

Reticular Formation

Hindbrain

A
  • Network of neurons traveling through the medulla, pons, and midbrain
  • Sleep and arousal
  • Attention
  • Reticular activating system
  • To activate you

-Filter out other convos when talking to someone

27
Q

Thalamus

Limbic

A
  • Relay Station in brain (mostly sensory info)
  • Processes most into to and from brain higher brain centers
  • High to low
  • Urgency of information
28
Q

Hypothalamus

Limbic

A
  • Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors
  • Sexual behavior
  • Sleep
  • Hunger, thirst
  • Water and salt balance
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Circadian rythms
  • Reward
  • Role in hormone secretion

-Connects to Pituitary Gland

29
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors which in turn causes Pituitary Gland to release its hormones
  • Master gland
  • Technically NOT part of the brain
  • Major role in hormones
30
Q

Amygdala

Limbic

A
  • Inputs come from all senses
  • ‘Reads’ emotional significance of inputs
  • Output influences such functions as heart rate, adrenaline release
  • Emotions of fear/rage
  • Identify emotion from facial expressions
31
Q

Hippocampus

Limbic

A
  • Structure shaped like a sea horse

- Important role in forming new memories

32
Q

Cortex

A

The outermost part of the brain, tightly packed with neurons.

33
Q

Cerebal Hemispheres

A

The 2 sections which the cortex is divided into

34
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • “hard body”
  • Connects the two sections of the brain
  • Allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate with eachother
35
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

-Processes visual information from the eyes

36
Q

Parietal Lobes

A
  • Located at the top and back of the brain

- Processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position

37
Q

Temporal Lobes

A
  • Behind the temples of the head
  • Contain the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area
  • Involved in language
38
Q

Frontal Lobes

A
  • Front of the brain

- Planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making

39
Q

Motor cortex

A
  • Located in the frontal lobes
  • a band of neurons located at the back of the frontal lobes.
  • Control movements of the body’s muscles by sending commands to the somatic division of the periphreal nervous system
40
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Located in the left frontal lobe

- Production of speech, smoothly and fluently

41
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Located in the left temporal lobe

- Understanding the meaning of words

42
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • Controls the right hand

- Spoken language, written language, mathematical calculations, logical thought processes, analysis, reading

43
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • Controls the left hand
  • Nonverbal, Visual-spatial perception, music and artistic processing, emotional though/recognition, pattern recognition, facial recognition.

Psychology 100 (12 decks)

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