Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Biopsychological perspective
A
How internal events of processes correspond with our experiences and behavior
2
Q
Action Potential (electrical-chemical signal)
A
- Ions exist in different concentrations outside and inside the cell
- Ions tend to move into or out of the cell based on the influence of different forces
3
Q
Depolarization
Step 1 of Action Potential
A
- Stimulus threshold
- Na+ channels open
- Inside becomes positively charged
4
Q
Repolarization
Step 2 of Action Potential
A
- Na+ channels close (refractory period)
- K+ channels open
- Inside regains negative charge
5
Q
Glial Cells
A
- Provide structural support
- Provide myelin
- Help carry away waste
- Help provide nutrition
6
Q
All-or-none law
A
- Action potential will take place completely all at one of none
- Heads all the way down the output through the Axon and goes all the way through
7
Q
Rate law
A
-Neurons fire at a high frequency or at a low frequency
8
Q
Speed of Action Potential
A
- Factors affecting the speed of nerve conduction
- Myelin
9
Q
Synaptic gap
A
-Separates the axon terminals from the dendrites
10
Q
Synaptic Vesicles
A
- Storage sacs containing neurotransmitter
- Fuse with presynaptic membrane
11
Q
Positive ions
A
- Na+
- Depolarize the neuron
- Excite the neuron
12
Q
Negative ions
A
- Cl-
- Hyperpolarize
- Inhibits the neuron
- Slows it down
13
Q
4 ways drugs can affect Neurotransmitters
A
- Increase of decrease NT
- Block reuptake
- Mimic NT (agonist)
- Block receptors (antagonist)
14
Q
Agonists
A
- NT naturally activate receptors and allow ions to enter postsynaptic neuron
- Some drugs are shaped like NT
- They fit the receptor well and act like the NT
ex: morphine
15
Q
Antagonists
A
- Fit the receptor poorly and do nothing but block the NT
ex: beta blockers
16
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
- Acts with sympathy
- Fight or Flight
- Strong Emotions-rage
17
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
- Storing energy
- After Thanksgiving meal
18
Q
Recording Electrical Activity
A
- Electroencephalograph (EEG)
- Independent Component Analysis
- Event-related potential (ERP)
19
Q
Neuroimaging
A
- Computed tomography (CT or CAT)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
20
Q
PET (Position Emission Tomography)
A
- Tracks radioactive compound
- Collects color-coded info over several minutes
21
Q
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
A
- Bombard brain with magnetic field and measure electromagnetic response signal
- Highly detailed images of internal structures
- Tissues bounce energy off
22
Q
Pons
Hindbrain
A
- Helps coordinate movement on left and right sides of the body
- Tissues moving back and forth (bridge) helps control movement
23
Q
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
A
- “little brain”
- Coordination, posture, balance, motor skills
- Learned reflexes, skills, habits
-Lesions to cerebellum:
jerky, exaggerated movements, shaking hands, difficulty walking, loss of balance
24
Q
Medulla
Hindbrain
A
- Breathing
- Heart rate
- Digestion
- Vital reflexes
- coughing
- swallowing
- sneezing
25
Midbrain
| *Hindbrain*
- Relay station processing auditory and visual stimuli (for reflexes)
- Dopamine-producing neurons involved in motor control
- See something moving in periphreal -->orient to that
- Drop a book --> turn and look
26
Reticular Formation
| *Hindbrain*
- Network of neurons traveling through the medulla, pons, and midbrain
- Sleep and arousal
- Attention
- Reticular activating system
- To activate you
-Filter out other convos when talking to someone
27
Thalamus
| *Limbic*
- Relay Station in brain (mostly sensory info)
- Processes most into to and from brain higher brain centers
- High to low
- Urgency of information
28
Hypothalamus
| *Limbic*
- Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors
- Sexual behavior
- Sleep
- Hunger, thirst
- Water and salt balance
- Body temperature regulation
- Circadian rythms
- Reward
- Role in hormone secretion
-Connects to Pituitary Gland
29
Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors which in turn causes Pituitary Gland to release its hormones
- Master gland
- Technically NOT part of the brain
- Major role in hormones
30
Amygdala
| *Limbic*
- Inputs come from all senses
- 'Reads' emotional significance of inputs
- Output influences such functions as heart rate, adrenaline release
- Emotions of fear/rage
- Identify emotion from facial expressions
31
Hippocampus
| *Limbic*
- Structure shaped like a sea horse
| - Important role in forming new memories
32
Cortex
The outermost part of the brain, tightly packed with neurons.
33
Cerebal Hemispheres
The 2 sections which the cortex is divided into
34
Corpus Callosum
- "hard body"
- Connects the two sections of the brain
- Allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate with eachother
35
Occipital Lobes
-Processes visual information from the eyes
36
Parietal Lobes
- Located at the top and back of the brain
| - Processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position
37
Temporal Lobes
- Behind the temples of the head
- Contain the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area
- Involved in language
38
Frontal Lobes
- Front of the brain
| - Planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making
39
Motor cortex
- Located in the frontal lobes
- a band of neurons located at the back of the frontal lobes.
- Control movements of the body's muscles by sending commands to the somatic division of the periphreal nervous system
40
Broca's Area
- Located in the left frontal lobe
| - Production of speech, smoothly and fluently
41
Wernicke's Area
- Located in the left temporal lobe
| - Understanding the meaning of words
42
Left Hemisphere
- Controls the right hand
| - Spoken language, written language, mathematical calculations, logical thought processes, analysis, reading
43
Right Hemisphere
- Controls the left hand
- Nonverbal, Visual-spatial perception, music and artistic processing, emotional though/recognition, pattern recognition, facial recognition.
