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Psychology 100 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Unique patterns of behaving that are relatively stable

-thinking and feeling

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2
Q

Temperament and Character

A

chacacter- Kholberg, morality

-Separate from personality

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud

A 
Psychodynamic Perspective 
(Victorian Ages)
-Sex was "hidden" and sexual behavior was considered animalistic and believed that only men had thee urges
-Aggression- WWI
-Freud was originally a Neurologist
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4
Q

Free association

A

Freud allowed people to just talk and “vent”

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5
Q

Catharsis

A

Decrease in stress just by talking/venting

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6
Q

Dynamic Theory

A

“action”

-multiple forces conflicting at different levels of consciousness

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7
Q

Conscious

A

Info in immediate awareness

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8
Q

Preconsciousness

A

Info that can easily be made conscious

ex: phone #

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9
Q

Dreams

A

Royal road to consciousness

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10
Q

Unconscious

A

Thoughts, feelings, urges and wishes that are hard to bring to conscious awareness

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11
Q

Freudian slip

A

Links with consciousness

ex: Bringing up ex’s name to new boyfriend

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12
Q

ID

A
  • Most primitive
  • Completely unconscious
  • When first born
  • Energy: life instinct, to live and survive (Eros), death instinct (Thanatos) - battling
  • Pleasure principle: immediate gratification, do what pleasures you right now
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13
Q

EGO

A
  • Develops after ID
  • partly conscious
  • Rational mediator: between ID and outside world (can’t always get what you want)
  • Has defense mechanisms to deal with conflict
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14
Q

SUPEREGO

A
  • Develops after EGO, around age 6;
  • Partly conscious
  • Establishes ideas and standards for judgement
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15
Q

Fixation

A

Unresolved conflict at various stages

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16
Q

Oral

A

(0-18 mo)
Pleasure: oral sensations (sucking, biting, chewing)
Fixations: biting nails, smoking, chewing pen

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17
Q

Anal

A

(18-36 mo)
Pleasure- bowel and bladder elimination
-Coping with demands for control: potty training, not peeing in class

Anal retentive: details, perfectionist, clean
Anal expulsive: dirty, unorganized

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18
Q

Phallic

A

(3-6 years)
Pleasure: genitals, finding genitals
-most important stage

Oedipus complex: idea that little boys want their dads out of the picture and like their mom

Castration anxiety: Little boy feels that Dad will castrate him for wanting to get rid of him

Identification: becomes like dad, likes “boy” toys

Penis envy: girls develop envy for a penis

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19
Q

Latency

A

(6- puberty)

  • Dormant sexual urges
  • Connecting with same sex peers
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20
Q

Genital

A

(puberty and on)

  • Maturation of sexual interests
  • If fixated on phallic, usually choose someone like mom and dad in relationships
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21
Q

Neo-Freudian Viewpoints

New Freudian Viewpoints

A

Agreements:

  • That a lot went on unconsciously
  • Personality structures and childhood structures

Disagreements:

  • Nature of unconscious sex and aggression
  • Too much perspective on males
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22
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • Neo Freudian
  • nature of the unconscious
  • As a species we have a collective evolutionary
  • archetypes- cross culturally we have similar dreams and dream symbolism
  • Electra Complex: based on a myth. Wanting to kill mother and avenge father’s death
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23
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • Neo Freudian
  • Inferiority complex: feeling of inferiority as a child and it will be hard to overcome as you get older
  • Compensation: ego defense mechanism, if you feel inferior in one aspect, you compensate to feel superior in another aspect.
  • Birth order, inferiority vs. superiority
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24
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • Neo Freudian
  • balanced Freud’s sexism with “womb envy”- men will never experience giving life
  • Neurotic personalities: emotional stability issues. We develop maladaptive (bad) ways of dealing with relationships
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25
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation

*Ben is an alcoholic who denies being an alcoholic

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26
Q

Repression

A

Pushing or threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory
*Elise, who was sexually abused as a child, cannot remember the abuse at all

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27
Q

Rationalization

A

Making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

*If I don’t have breakfast, I can have that piece of cake later without hurting my diet

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28
Q

Projection

A

Placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself
*Keisha is attracted to her sister’s husband but denies this and believes the husband is attracted to her

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29
Q

Reaction formation

A

Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts
*Matt is unconsciously attracted to Ben but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals

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30
Q

Displacement

A

Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target
*Sandra gets reprimanded by her boss and goes hoe to angrily pick a fight with her husband

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31
Q

Regression

A

Falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situation
*4 year old Jeff starts wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby

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32
Q

Identification

A

Trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety
*Marie really admires Suzy, the most popular girl in school, and tries to copy her behavior and dress

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33
Q

Compensation (substitution)

A

Trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other areas
*Reggie is not good at athletics, so he puts all of his energies into becoming an academic scholar

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34
Q

Sublimation

A

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
*Alain, who is very aggressive, becomes a professional hockey player

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35
Q

Freud’s Weaknesses

A
  • Inadequate scientific evidence
  • Lack of testability (no testing)
  • no predictive validity (proved from his observations)
  • sexist views
  • myth of repression
  • Dream interpretation and hypnosis
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36
Q

Freud’s Strengths

A
  • much of mental life is unconscious
  • early childhood influences psychological adjustment
  • people differ in their ability to regulate impulses, emotions, and thoughts
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37
Q

Goals of personality assessment in general

A
  1. we want to be accurate and consistent

2. want it to be predictive of future behavior

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38
Q

Assessing personality with psychoanalysis

A
  • Interviews (free association)

- Projective tests (Inkblot tests) (TAT)

39
Q

Projective Tests

A

Strengths:
-qualitative feedback for further exploration

Weaknesses:

  • highly subjective
  • inconsistent results (reliability)
  • not predictive (validility)
  • subject can be influenced by examiner
40
Q

Social-Cognitive Behaviorist Perspective

A
  • Behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns, but also by cognitive proceses such as anticipating, judging and memory as well as learning through the imitation of models
  • Albert Bandura
  • Social origin of thought and action
  • conscious thought processes
  • Human capacity for self-regulation (self-control)
41
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A
  • Interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment
    ex: someone not waving hi in the hallway and you believe you are being ignored
    ex: loud student with no teacher, tells jokes, class laughs, teacher walks in(environment), behavior changes
42
Q

Self-efficiancy

A

A person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

  • beliefs in your ability to act in a situation, past experiences
    ex: go up to opposite sex and talk to them
43
Q

Mastery experience

A

something you’ve done in the past and have been successful

44
Q

Other social-cognitive components

A
  • Personal control

- learned helplessness

45
Q

Assessing personality with social-cognitive

A
  • Interviews
  • Halo effect- tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so all the person’s comments and behavior will be interpreted to agree with the impression
46
Q

Behavioral assessments

A
  • Past performance: look to it to gain an impression of how you behave in the future
  • Current performance in similar situations
47
Q

Strengths of Social-Cognitive

A
  • Testable

- Substantial impact on therapy

48
Q

Weaknesses

A
  • Personality is more complex
  • Ignores traits and unconscious influences
  • Too much emphasis on behavior/self regulation
49
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Underlying the human part- doing good human things

50
Q

Carl Rogers

A

After Freudians and behaviorists

*How we function normally

51
Q

Person-Client Centered Perspective

A

Created an environment where people can self actualize by:

  • being genuine: showing you’re a real person
  • accepting of that person regardless of their behavior
  • showing empathy
52
Q

Self-concept

A

Conscious subjective perception of ourselves

  • Real self: one’s actual perception of characteristics
  • Ideal self: the perception of what one should be like or would like to be
53
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Loving someone even though their behaviors bother you

54
Q

Conditioned positive regard

A

Loved depends on if they are doing what those people want

55
Q

Examples of conditioned/unconditioned

/congruence/incongruence

A

Conditional Positive regard: You’re not a good father/husband unless you provide support for the family

  • Self concept- usually positive
  • experience- positive if he provides
  • congruent
  • Self-concept- positive
  • experience- negative if we fail to provide
  • incongruent
56
Q

Potential results if incongruence is experienced

A
  1. Distort or deny the feeling of being a bad person- blaming others
  2. Damage to self-concept, realizing they really are a bad person, seek Carl Rogers
57
Q

Assessing personality with humanistic perspective

A
  • Questionnaire- ideal vs. perceived self
  • Carl Rogers thought standardized tests are dehumanizing
  • Linked interviews and intimate conversation
58
Q

Strengths of Humanistic

A
  • Insight approach- make “ah-ha” moment in life

- Substantial impact on Therapy

59
Q

Weaknesses of Humanistic

A
  • Too optomistic- there are evil people
  • Hard to scientifically validate
  • Promotes extreme individualism or rationalization
60
Q

Trait Perspective

A
  • Stable pattern of thinking and behaving (more genetically determined)
  • Doesn’t explain how, just states type of personality
61
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  • went through dictionaries and counted 18,00 traits which later turned into 200 traits create constellation of who you are
  • Believed that traits were literally wired into the nervous system to guide one’s behavior across many different situations
62
Q

Han Eysenck

A

Surface trait: superficial, see on surface (to describe people)

Source trait: underlying dimension

63
Q

The Big Five

A

Openness

high: creative, artistic
low: uncreative, down to earth

Conscientiousness

high: organized, reliable
low: unreliable lazy

Extraversion

high: talkative
low: reserved

Agreeableness

high: trusting,helpful
low: rude, irritable

Neuroticism

high: worrying, anxious
low: calm, secure, relaxed

  • heritable, genetic
  • stable across time
  • cross cultural
  • predicts other qualities
64
Q

Assessing personality with trait perspective

A
  • Personal inventories
  • examples and applications
  • strengths: standardized, reliable, and valid
  • weaknesses: people fake responses, people are prone to make similar responses on test items, innaccurate judge of own behavior
65
Q

Jeff has to get up early to go to school, but he wants to stay up late and watch television. His parents disapprove of him staying up late, but when they go out for the evening he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway. The next day he feels extremely guilty. How would Carl Rogers explain Jeff’s guilt?

A

It results from a psychological conflict between Jeff’s personal desire to stay up late and the opinion adopted from his parents that it is wrong to stay up late

66
Q

Cattell and Allport are both prominent ________ theorists.

A

trait

67
Q

Which of the following viewpoints has different goals from the other three?

A

trait theory

68
Q

How many source traits did Cattell use in developing his personality inventory?

A

16

69
Q

According to Rogers, people brought up with unconditional positive regard ________.

A

feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors

70
Q

Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization?

A

real self close to ideal self

71
Q

For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ________.

A

ID

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of tools used by psychologists to measure personality?

A

aptitude tests

73
Q

You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of ________.

A

self-effciancy

74
Q

In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the devil is the ________.

A

ID

75
Q

According to Freud, the ________ acts as our conscience.

A

Superego

76
Q

Which of the following, according to Rogers, is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

A

someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

77
Q

When one thinks of “value judgment” in relation to personality, one is thinking about ________.

A

character

78
Q

According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the ________.

A

the mouth

79
Q

Albert Bandura’s notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as ________.

A

reciporcoal determinism

80
Q

A baseball player’s son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have?

A

self-efficacy

81
Q

To explain a person’s personality, behaviorists would look to ________.

A

the early experiences of rewards and punishments for certain behavior

82
Q

What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common?

A

They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.

83
Q

The striving for fulfillment of one’s potential is called ________.

A

self-actualization

84
Q

According to Rogers, all people have a need for:

A

positive regard

85
Q

The push toward fulfillment of our inborn capacities and potentialities is what Rogers calls the ________.

A

actualizing tendency

86
Q

_______ theory is called the third force in personality theory.

A

humanistic

87
Q

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A

temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is built.

88
Q

Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure ________.

A

openness

89
Q

From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived?

A

“over the self”

90
Q

Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud’s model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say ________.

A

“Im so angry I could kill that player!”

91
Q

Explain why Psychodynamic theorists believe that objective tests are of little use because ________

A

people are not usually aware of the unconscious determinants of their behavior

92
Q

For Bandura, one of the most important person variables in determining personality is ________.

A

self-efficacy

93
Q

According to Freud, rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the ________.

A

Ego

94
Q

Unlike the psychodynamic view, the social cognitive view of personality ________.

A

has been scientifically tested

Psychology 100 (12 decks)

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