Chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Process that determines permanent change of behavior, knowledge, emotion as a result of practice or experience

Question 2

Maturation

Answer 2

Developmental process, controlled by a genetic blueprint, physical ability to change
ex: walking outcome of maturation at 1 year old
have to develop physically to realize

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Process of learning association between environmental stimuli and responses and outcomes

Question 4

Ivan Pavlow

Answer 4

• Physiologist studying digestion and starts in mouth

- His serendipity was finding Classical Conditioning through looking at Saliva

Question 5

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 5

Unlearned stimulus, stimulus involuntary creates a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 6

Natural/unlearned stimulus response

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

Originally neutral, doesn’t cause anything

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

• Learned/conditioned response

- not a new behavior

Question 9

Basic Principles affecting acquisition

Answer 9

-Timing of pairing
USC quickly follows CS (food follows can opener)

-Frequency of pairing
(the more it happens, the more the speed and strength of acquisition)

-Distinctive, new stimulus (refers to CS)
(has to be new)

Question 10

Stimulus generalization

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 10

Close enough to CS so animal may respind

ex: drawer with can opener being opened

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 11

Response to one stimuli and none to others
ex: keep enforcing a fake stimuli of ‘can opener drawer’ to dogs, sooner or later the dog will stop responding to the can opener

Question 12

Extinction

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 12

Response dies out
ex: Keep shaking a can opener (CS) in front of a dog but not giving him food, causes the dog to eventually stop responding to the can opener

Question 13

Spontaneous Recovery

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 13

Response after extinction, can spontaneously reoccur after animals have been given a rest from the CS and all testing.
(weak and short lived)

Question 14

High-Order

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 14

-Chain/sequence of stimuli that predict the next thing.

Question 15

John Watson

Answer 15

• Classically conditioned a response of infant
• He made infant afraid of white things
• Little Albert
• Advocated nuture: all about learning because you have a blank slate and can make anyone learn anything

Question 16

John Garcia

Answer 16

Involved with Taste Aversion

Question 17

Taste Aversion

CC

Answer 17

• Timing: breaks the rule (sick after eating the food)

- Frequency: happens one time and you stop (don’t continue to eat the food and get sick after every time)

Question 18

Biological Prepardness

Answer 18

-Difficult Condition:
Shock (USC) + Taste (CS) = Fear response (CR)

-Easy to condition:
Shock (USC) + Light (CS) = Fear response

Question 19

Robert Rescorla

Answer 19

• Suggested what we look for in environments are informative and reliable
• Cognitive processes (thinking)
• shock

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

-Your behaviors operate on the environment to generate consequences

Question 21

Thorndike and Law of Effect

Answer 21

• Investigated how behavior is affected by its consequences
• Cats in puzzle boxes
• Events that are followed by positive outcomes are likely to occur again and vice versa

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

-Increases future behavior

Question 23

Positive reinforcement

Answer 23

• Adding something

ex: giving significant other kisses after buying gifts which leads to this action happening again

Question 24

Negative reinforcement

Answer 24

• Subtract something adversive

ex: hitting snooze

Question 25

Primary reinforcer

Answer 25

Food and Sex | -follow Gold standard...Does it work in animal?

Question 26

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Answer 26

Picks up reinforcing value because it was paired with primary reinforcer ex: money and grades

Question 27

Immediate reinforcer

Answer 27

- Happen right away | - Powerful and work best

Question 28

Delayed reinforcer

Answer 28

Something that is going to come in the future | ex: Degree

Question 29

Shaping Behavior | OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 29

Successive approximation, reward little steps on the way to something ex: rat getting a pellet when he would get closer to lever - If a behavior isn't changing use a different reinforcer

Question 30

Extinction | OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 30

Don't get reinforcer, it can become extinct (pellets stop)

Question 31

Discriminative Stimulus | OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 31

Stimulus is in presence of which an operant is more likely to produce reinforcement ex: Passing gas when stimulus of men isn't present

Question 32

Stimulus Control | OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 32

A stimulus that seems to control behavior | ex: Not doing anything else but sleeping in bed if you have insomnia, making your bed the stimulus control

Question 33

Spontaneous recovery | OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 33

Pellet dispenser is jams and no one knows, eventually the rats stop responding because the reinforcing has stopped. The rats will spontaneously recover if you give them a rest and then put them back

Question 34

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 34

When you present a reinforcer after every response

Question 35

Fixed ratio

Answer 35

- The number of responses to get a reinforcer is the same ex: assembly line worker is taking short breaks between each unit he completed because he knows he has a certain number to make ex: Punch card, after 10 punches you get a free sandwich

Question 36

Partial reinforcement

Answer 36

-Maintain the behavior by not reinforcing

Question 37

Variable ratio

Answer 37

Animal doesn't know when it will be reinforced, randomly giving reinforcer ex: people using slot machines

Question 38

Fixed interval

Answer 38

Fixed amount of time after a single response gives you a reinforcer ex: chores- doing them right before parents get home- clock and internal clock tell you its time to do iy

Question 39

Variable interval

Answer 39

- Don't know the time intervals, not the number of responses - Time is important ex: work slow and steady so whenever the boss comes you are doing work ex: Checking e-mail time in between checking

Question 40

Punishment

Answer 40

- Decreases future behavior - Application- spanking - Removal- taking something away

Question 41

Disadvantages of punishment

Answer 41

- Temporary - Causes one to be passive, fearful, and anxious - Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) - Models aggression

Question 42

Increase effectiveness of punishment

Answer 42

- Timing - Consistency - Pair with reinforcement of correct behavior (take dog who's eating garbage to his bowl)

Question 43

4 alternatives to punishment

Answer 43

1. Reinforce an incompatible behavior ex: try again, ask again, when children wine or have attitude 2. Reinforce the non-occurance of behavior ex: reward- get the ice cream if no fighting 3. Stop reinforcing the problem behavior ex: kid having tantrum- ignore/walk away 4. Remove the opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement ex: moving kids away from eachother before they begin to fight

Question 44

Cognitive Learning Theory

Answer 44

-Edward Tolman (cognition and mazes) -Used rats to show they use cognitive maps

Question 45

Biological Predisposition

Answer 45

-Instinctive drift-animal reverting back to more instinctive behavior

Question 46

Observational Learning

Answer 46

- Albert Bandura: learning is cognitive process - Learning by observing a model - NOT imitation - Animals and little kids actively judgmental and constructive (thinking) (think what they should/shouldn't do) - Bobo doll

Question 47

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in

Answer 47

Extinction

Question 48

Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by

Answer 48

Classical Conditioning

Question 49

Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of

Answer 49

Negative reinforcement

Question 50

Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of

Answer 50

negative reinforcement

Question 51

When someone uses punishment to change behavior, the behavior is likely to

Answer 51

decrease

Question 52

What type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act

Answer 52

observational learning