Chapter 8 Flashcards
Motivation
-a process by which activities are started, directed towards a goal and continued to that physical/psychological needs are met
3 characteristics of motivation
- Activation- starting something
- Persistence- continued effort
- Intensity- how vigorous you’re responding
Instinct Approach
-Genetic programming
-Works well for animals
-More vague for humans- doesn’t explain things well
ex: animals building nests
reproduction is responsible for sexual behavior
Drive-Reduction Approach
- Looked at unmet needs that caused tension and the drive to reduce that tension (eating when hungry)
- homeostasis: idea that body tends to keep itself at a steady state (equilibrium)
Advantages: explains bodily functions
Disadvantages: difficult to explain some things such as eating when not hungry or sexual arousal
Psychological Needs
- Achievement- strong desire to succeed in many goals
- Affiliation- being liked by others or having strong relationships
- Power- control and influence, status and prestige
$$$ might satisfy these
Locus of control
View of oneself and influence over you
Internal: drives come from inside
External: drives come from outside
(think need for achievement)
ex: intelligence = internal locus of control, controllable by reading, studying, etc.
how we speak to people-telling someone they are smart =external locus of control
Arousal Approach
- Need for stimulation/excitement
- Stimulus motive: unlearned stimulus that causes stimulation in an individual
- Task Performance: (“flow”) interaction with a task and performance
ex: easy task and arousal if low = performance level low
- “flow”= in the zone, focused and full of energy
- sensation seekers: having a need for a complex/unique experience
Advantages: explains a lot of behaviors like social interactions and general curiosity
Disadvantages: can’t define cause and effect
Incentive Approach
- Behaviorists (John Watson etc.)
- Pull you with external rewards
Advantages: seems simple, observable, measurable
Disadvantages: seems some behaviors can’t be explained by this
ex: play behavior and mastering a task
Maslow’s Hiearchy of Needs
-Suggest we all strive for self-actualization
- Advantage of revised model: most comprehensive, all inclusive
- Disadvantage: Supporting research was Maslow’s personal observation
- Rarely get to the top of the hiearchy
- Does not explain sensation seekers
- Seems to fain at a cross culture perspective
Self Determination Theory (SDT)
3 inborn needs that are universal
- Autonomy: being in control of ones goals and behavior (relationships with others is better)
- Competence: mastering difficulties
- Relatedness-belongingness/intimacy with others
Intrinsic motivation
Internal forces control you
ex: playing piano by yourself and feeling accomplished when you learn a song
Extrinsic motivaiton
External forces are controlling you
ex: praise from people, working as a teacher just to pay off bills
Positive psychology
- Looks at how we can be well adjusted or satisfied with life
- David Myers- the Pursuit of happiness
- Martin Seligman- authentic happiness
The major shortcoming of the instinct concept is that:
asserting the existence of an instinct does not help us to understand the behavior in question
Drives that are unlearned are called
primary
