Chapter 9

Question 1

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 1

A condition in which the airways in the upper respiratory system become blocked during sleep.

Question 2

Central Sleep Apnea

Answer 2

Sleep apnea cased by an illness or injury to the central nervous system and is associated with neurological problems in the brain.

Question 3

What structures of the upper respiratory system might contribute to obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer 3

• Nasal Cavity
• Nasalpharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• Glottis
• Larynx

Question 4

Why does the polysomnogram monitor brain function as well as breathing and heart rates?

Answer 4

The brain controls breathing and heart rate

Question 5

Why might weight gain ad alcohol use contribute to sleep apnea?

Answer 5

Diet and alcohol affects sleep patterns, as well as excess weight affecting breathing rate and the functions of the respiratory system during sleep

Question 6

Respiratory System

Answer 6

An organ system consisting of the lings and tubes that bring oxygen into the lungs and take carbon dioxide out.

Question 7

Inspiration

Answer 7

inhalation (breathing in); air is conducted from the atmosphere to the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings

Question 8

Expiration

Answer 8

exhalation (breathing out); Air is conducted from the lungs to the atmosphere by the series of cavities, tubes, and openings

Question 9

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 9

• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Glottis
• Larynx

Question 10

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 10

• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Bronchioles
• Lung
• Diaphragm

Question 11

Nasal cavity

Answer 11

Filters, warms, and moistens air

Question 12

Pharynx

Answer 12

Passageway where pathway for air and food cross

Question 13

Glottis

Answer 13

Space between the vocal chords; Opening to larynx

Question 14

Larynx

Answer 14

(voice box); produces sound

Question 15

Trachea

Answer 15

(windpipe); passage of air to bronchi

Question 16

Bronchus

Answer 16

Passage of air to the lungs

Question 17

Bronchioles

Answer 17

Passage of air to alveoli

Question 18

Lung

Answer 18

Contains alveoli (air sacs); carries out gas exchange

Question 19

Diaphragm

Answer 19

Skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation

Question 20

Ventilation

Answer 20

Another term for breathing that includes both inspiration and expiration

Question 21

What are the parts of the Pharynx?

Answer 21

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 22

Nasal Cavities

Answer 22

Narrow canals separated from each other by a septum composed of bone and cartilage

Question 23

What is the purpose of hairs in the nasal cavities?

Answer 23

They filter incoming air and trap small particles, such as mold spores and pollen, so they do not enter air passages

Question 24

What purpose does the mucous membrane serve in the nasal passages?

Answer 24

The mucous secreted helps to trap dust and move it to the pharynx where it can be swallowed or expectorated

Question 25

How does the sense of smell work?

Answer 25

Special ciliated cells reside in the upper recesses of the nasal cavities that act as odor receptors. Nerves lead from these cells to the brain where the impulses are interpreted as smell.

Question 26

Why does one’s nose run when crying?

Answer 26

The tear (lacrimal) glands drain into the nasal cavities by way of tear ducts.

Question 27

What purpose do the tonsils serve?

Answer 27

The tonsils form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx. The tonsils contain lymphocytes which protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens. B cells and T cells are prepared to respond to antigens that may subsequently invade internal tissues and fluids.

Question 28

How do your vocal chords produce sound?

Answer 28

The vocal chords are mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments, and the slit between the vocal chords is called the glottis. When air is expelled through the glottis, the vocal chords vibrate, producing sound.
• More tension/narrower glottis produces higher pitched sounds
• Less tension/wider glottis, produces lower pitched sounds

Question 29

Of what do the walls of the trachea consist?

Answer 29

Connective tissue and smooth muscle supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings. The rings prevent the trachea from collapsing

Question 30

Describe the mucous membrane that lines the trachea

Answer 30

It has an outer layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells. The goblet cells produce mucus that traps particles in air as it passes through the trachea.

Question 31

What is a tracheostomy?

Answer 31

The creation of an artificial airway by incision of the trachea and insertion of a tube

Question 32

What are the Pleurae?

Answer 32

Two layers of serous membrane that produce serous fluid. The parietal pleura adheres to the thoracic cavity wall and the visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lung. Surface tension holds the two pleural layers together.

Question 33

What might happen to overall homeostasis if the alveoli did not function properly?

Answer 33

If alveoli do not function properly gas exchange can not happen and cells will not receive oxygen or be able to remove carbon dioxide and will cease to function.