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Human Biology > Ch 6 Homework > Flashcards

Ch 6 Homework Flashcards

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1
Q

Select all the functions of blood in the human body.

A
  • Defends the body against pathogens
  • Plays an important role in homeostasis by regulating body temperature
  • Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones
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2
Q

Put the components of blood in the appropriate portion of blood in which they are found.

A 
Formed elements:
• Red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets
Plasma
• water
• salts
• organic molecules
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3
Q

Red blood cells are _____ for oxygen transport and contain a pigment called hemoglobin.

A

specialized

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4
Q

The pigment consists of four highly folded ______ chains with a group containing iron at the _____ of each chain.

A

Polypeptide, center

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5
Q

The iron combines _____ with oxygen.

A

Reversibly

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6
Q

Hemoglobin thus accepts oxygen i the _____ and releases it in the _______.

A

Lungs, tissues

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7
Q

Carbon monoxide also attaches to hemoglobin and then _____ easily let go.

A

will not

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8
Q

Each hemoglobin can transport ___ molecules of oxygen.

A

4

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9
Q

What is involved with oxygen transport?

A
  • Four molecules of the molecule in question are transported at a time by hemoglobin in the RBCs.
  • Hemoglobin accepts the molecule it will carry in the lungs, and binds it reversibly
  • A molecule binds to the iron in the heme portion of a hemoglobin molecule
  • When the molecule in question binds hemoglobin in the lungs, the pigment molecule changes shape.
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10
Q

What is involved with carbon dioxide transport?

A
  • 7% of the molecule is dissolved in the plasma; 25% is transported by hemoglobin; 68% is transported as bicarbonate ion in the plasma
  • This process involves the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in forward and reverse reactions to create carbonic acid
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11
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are produced in the ____ from red blood stem cells that differentiate to form mature RBCs.

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

As the RBCs mature, they lose their nucleus and acquire _____

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

When insufficient oxygen is being delivered to the cells, the body has a way to ______ the number of RBCs.

A

Increase

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14
Q

The ____ release a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the cells in bone marrow to produce _____ RBCs. This could be _____ for a person with anemia, a disease which decreases the number of RBCs in the body.

A

kidneys, more, helpful

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15
Q

This hormone has also been used illegally by athletes; though the process is dangerous, it serves to enhance athletic performance by improving _______ muscles.

A

O2 delivery to

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16
Q

What are the steps in the process of producing more RBCs when the body’s O2 level is low?

A
  • Low O2 level
  • Kidneys increase the production of erythropoietin
  • Stem cells in the bone marrow increase RBC production
  • O2 blood level returns to normal
  • Normal O2 blood level
17
Q

White blood cells fight _____ in an individual with normally functioning bone marrow, the numbers of WBCs can _____ within hours, if needed.

A

infection, double

18
Q

White blood cells, an important part of the _____ system, help defend the body against pathogens, cancer cells, and _____ proteins.

A

immune, foreign

19
Q

White blood cells have many methods of defense, including phagocytosis, or _____ invaders, and producing antibodies.

A

Engulfing

20
Q

Blood clotting ensures that the plasma and formed elements remain _____ blood vessels.

A

within

21
Q

Thus, clotting helps the body maintain homeostasis in the ______ system.

A

Cardiovascular

22
Q

When a blood vessel is damaged, blood loss can have side effects ranging from minor to severe. To prevent blood loss, several ______ and calcium ions participate in the formation of a blood clot.

A

clotting factors

23
Q

A person who __________ blood clots runs the risk of excessive bleeding. A person who __________ runs the risk of clots traveling to the brain and causing a stroke. Thus, the proper balanced maintenance of this process is crucial.

A

cannot adequately form, forms too many

24
Q

List the steps in the formation of a blood clot.

A
  • An injury punctures a blood vessel in the body
  • Platelets congregate to form a plug
  • Prothrombin activator is released by platelets and damaged tissue
  • A cascade of enzymatic activity results in which calcium ions convert prothrombin to thrombin
  • Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells
25
Q

Blood type A

A

Type A antigen

Anti-B antibodies

26
Q

Blood type B

A

Type B antigens

Anti-A antibodies

27
Q

Type AB blood

A

Type A and B antigens

No antibodies

28
Q

Type O blood

A

No antigens

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

29
Q

Blood type depends upon the antigens as well as whether a person has or does not have Rh factor on the _______.

A

red blood cells

30
Q

If a fetus is Rh+ and its mother is Rh-, Rh+ ______ can leak across the placenta and cause the mother to _____ anti-Rh antibodies.

A

antigens, produce

31
Q

In a subsequent pregnancy with an _____ child, the anti-Rh antibodies could cross the placenta and _____ the unborn child’s RBCs.

A

Rh+, destroy

32
Q

The baby will be ____ anemic and hemolytic disease will ______ after birth.

A

severely, continue

33
Q

The cardiovascular system transports ______ and nutrients to the cells of all the organs.

A

Oxygen

34
Q

Blood vessels also transport _____ from the cells which is later _____ by the urinary system.

A

waste, excreted

35
Q

Contractions of the ______ keep blood moving while the _____ protects the heart and produces red blood cells.

A

muscular system, skeletal system

36
Q

The cardiovascular system transports the ______ produced by the endocrine system, moving them from _____ to their target organs.

A

hormones, glands

37
Q

Interactions between the cardiovascular system and ____ other body systems helps the body maintain its internal ______ or homeostasis.

A

all, balance

Human Biology (30 decks)

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