Ch 6 Homework Flashcards
Select all the functions of blood in the human body.
- Defends the body against pathogens
- Plays an important role in homeostasis by regulating body temperature
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Put the components of blood in the appropriate portion of blood in which they are found.
Formed elements: • Red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets Plasma • water • salts • organic molecules
Red blood cells are _____ for oxygen transport and contain a pigment called hemoglobin.
specialized
The pigment consists of four highly folded ______ chains with a group containing iron at the _____ of each chain.
Polypeptide, center
The iron combines _____ with oxygen.
Reversibly
Hemoglobin thus accepts oxygen i the _____ and releases it in the _______.
Lungs, tissues
Carbon monoxide also attaches to hemoglobin and then _____ easily let go.
will not
Each hemoglobin can transport ___ molecules of oxygen.
4
What is involved with oxygen transport?
- Four molecules of the molecule in question are transported at a time by hemoglobin in the RBCs.
- Hemoglobin accepts the molecule it will carry in the lungs, and binds it reversibly
- A molecule binds to the iron in the heme portion of a hemoglobin molecule
- When the molecule in question binds hemoglobin in the lungs, the pigment molecule changes shape.
What is involved with carbon dioxide transport?
- 7% of the molecule is dissolved in the plasma; 25% is transported by hemoglobin; 68% is transported as bicarbonate ion in the plasma
- This process involves the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in forward and reverse reactions to create carbonic acid
Red blood cells (RBCs) are produced in the ____ from red blood stem cells that differentiate to form mature RBCs.
Bone marrow
As the RBCs mature, they lose their nucleus and acquire _____
Hemoglobin
When insufficient oxygen is being delivered to the cells, the body has a way to ______ the number of RBCs.
Increase
The ____ release a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the cells in bone marrow to produce _____ RBCs. This could be _____ for a person with anemia, a disease which decreases the number of RBCs in the body.
kidneys, more, helpful
This hormone has also been used illegally by athletes; though the process is dangerous, it serves to enhance athletic performance by improving _______ muscles.
O2 delivery to
What are the steps in the process of producing more RBCs when the body’s O2 level is low?
- Low O2 level
- Kidneys increase the production of erythropoietin
- Stem cells in the bone marrow increase RBC production
- O2 blood level returns to normal
- Normal O2 blood level
White blood cells fight _____ in an individual with normally functioning bone marrow, the numbers of WBCs can _____ within hours, if needed.
infection, double
White blood cells, an important part of the _____ system, help defend the body against pathogens, cancer cells, and _____ proteins.
immune, foreign
White blood cells have many methods of defense, including phagocytosis, or _____ invaders, and producing antibodies.
Engulfing
Blood clotting ensures that the plasma and formed elements remain _____ blood vessels.
within
Thus, clotting helps the body maintain homeostasis in the ______ system.
Cardiovascular
When a blood vessel is damaged, blood loss can have side effects ranging from minor to severe. To prevent blood loss, several ______ and calcium ions participate in the formation of a blood clot.
clotting factors
A person who __________ blood clots runs the risk of excessive bleeding. A person who __________ runs the risk of clots traveling to the brain and causing a stroke. Thus, the proper balanced maintenance of this process is crucial.
cannot adequately form, forms too many
List the steps in the formation of a blood clot.
- An injury punctures a blood vessel in the body
- Platelets congregate to form a plug
- Prothrombin activator is released by platelets and damaged tissue
- A cascade of enzymatic activity results in which calcium ions convert prothrombin to thrombin
- Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells
Blood type A
Type A antigen
Anti-B antibodies
Blood type B
Type B antigens
Anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood
Type A and B antigens
No antibodies
Type O blood
No antigens
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Blood type depends upon the antigens as well as whether a person has or does not have Rh factor on the _______.
red blood cells
If a fetus is Rh+ and its mother is Rh-, Rh+ ______ can leak across the placenta and cause the mother to _____ anti-Rh antibodies.
antigens, produce
In a subsequent pregnancy with an _____ child, the anti-Rh antibodies could cross the placenta and _____ the unborn child’s RBCs.
Rh+, destroy
The baby will be ____ anemic and hemolytic disease will ______ after birth.
severely, continue
The cardiovascular system transports ______ and nutrients to the cells of all the organs.
Oxygen
Blood vessels also transport _____ from the cells which is later _____ by the urinary system.
waste, excreted
Contractions of the ______ keep blood moving while the _____ protects the heart and produces red blood cells.
muscular system, skeletal system
The cardiovascular system transports the ______ produced by the endocrine system, moving them from _____ to their target organs.
hormones, glands
Interactions between the cardiovascular system and ____ other body systems helps the body maintain its internal ______ or homeostasis.
all, balance
