chapter 9 Flashcards
what is inductive logic
the logic of everyday observational logic of evidential support
forming a broad generalisation from specific observations
what did inductive logics allow
allowed the first scientists to make broad and definitive conclusions based on the basic meaurments they had the equipment to do
popularised in the16th century by francis bacon
when did inductive logic come about
popularised in the16th century by francis bacon
when did inductive login hit a key problem
newton (1987)
- newtons theory around planetary motion and gravity rely on mathematical quantities which couldnt be seen or measured, notable gravity
the inductive scientific methods couldnt give support for newtons key theories
the inductive scientific methods couldnt give support for newtons key theories …. what did this give rise to
deduction
what is deducted
posited that by usuing known statements (premises) it is possible to come to a new conclusion
using broad observations/ideas to come to a specific conclusion
following on from deductive logic what did contemporary science use …
the hypothetico-deductive method
hypothetico-deductive what is this
1) form hypothesis based on general observations and/or existing knowledge (initial premises/broad statement
2) test the hypothesis (come to a specific conclusion)
whos karl popper
20th century british philospher who argued that for a thiery to be scientitfic it must be falsifiable
what does falsifiable mean
a theory is falsifiable if it can be proven wrong
what did popper argue
argued that science should constantly be using hypothesises to test if a theory is wrong (falsifying it) rather than testing if it is true
statistical methods aim to..
.. reject the null hypothesis
cocneptual issues with deductive logic ans logical positvism
the hypothetic- deductive method isnt perfect
cognitive research shows us that perception is more than jsut sensing stimuli
perception involes human interpretation, which is rarly objective
all observations are influenced by prior theories
the hypothetic-deductive method pushes us towards statistics and gaining more information to verify/ falsify a theory
however there are issues with having ultimate fiath in statistics proving/ disproving a hypohtesis
correlation does not = causation
why shouldnt we rely to much on statistics
to rely too much on stats means that nuance and in-depth understanding is disregarded
bias towards statistics
the bias towards staistics can be seen in publishers as well as researchers, with studied without signigicant statistical findings being much less likly to be published
obession with p value or effect size does not automatically mean we will find the ‘truth’ in research
this is even more important in a discipline where our ability to measure the brain is very limited
popper said more empirical power= …
what are the issues with this
more empiricle power= more predictive power
if we rely complelty on falsification to lead science, what happends when an attempt to prove the null hypothesis has methodological issues
