Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
The joints of the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis by:
A
holding bones together in ways that allow for movement and flexibility.
2
Q
2 other names for Joint
A
Articulation and arthrosis
3
Q
Joint
A
is a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth.
4
Q
The scientific study of joints is termed
A
arthrology
5
Q
The study of motion the human body is called
A
kinesiology
6
Q
The structural classification of joints is based on two criteria:
A
(1) the presence or absence of a space between the articulating
bones, called a synovial cavity, and (2) the type of connective tissue
that binds the bones together.
7
Q
Structurally, joints are classified as one
of the following types:
A
Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints
8
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.
9
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
There is no synovial cavity,
and the bones are held together by cartilage.
10
Q
Synovial Joints
A
The bones forming the joint have
a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective
tissue of an articular capsule, and oft en by accessory ligaments
11
Q
Functionally, joints are classified into these categories:
A
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
12
Q
Synarthrosis
A
An immovable
joint. The plural is synarthroses.
13
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
A slightly movable joint. The plural is amphiarthroses
14
Q
Diarthrosis
A
A freely movable
joint. The plural is diarthroses. All diarthroses are synovial joints.
They have a variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements.
15
Q
fibrous joints lack
A
a synovial cavity
16
Q
Suture
A
is a fibrous joint
composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue; sutures
occur only between bones of the skull. In older individuals, sutures are
immovable (synarthroses), but in infants and children they are slightly
movable (amphiarthroses)
17
Q
syndesmosis
A
is a fibrous joint in which there is a greater
distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular
connective tissue than in a suture. . It permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis).
18
Q
interosseous membrane
A
a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight
movement (amphiarthrosis).
19
Q
Two principal interosseous membranes:
A
One occurs between the radius and ulna in the forearm and the other occurs between the tibia and fibula in the leg.
20
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
Suture, syndesmosis, interosseous membrane
21
Q
cartilaginous joint lacks:
A
a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement
22
Q
The three types of cartilaginous joints are:
A
synchondroses, symphyses, and epiphyseal cartilages.
23
Q
synchondrosis
A
is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting
material is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) to immovable (synarthrosis).
24
Q
Symphyses
A
is a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are
covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
connects the bones. slightly movable joint
(amphiarthrosis).
25
Epiphyseal Cartilages
actually hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation, not joints associated with movements. Functionally, epiphyseal cartilage is an
immovable joint (synarthrosis)
26
Synovial joints
The unique characteristic of a synovial joint is the
presence of a space called a synovial cavity or joint cavity between
the articulating bones. all synovial joints are classified functionally
as freely movable (diarthroses).
27
The bones at a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called:
articular cartilage
28
articular capsule
surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones.
29
The articular capsule is composed
of two layers:
an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
30
fibrous membrane
consists of dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers) that
attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.
31
The fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged as parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains. The strength of these fiber bundles are called
Ligaments
32
Ligaments
one of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint. Ligaments are often designated by individual names.
33
The inner layer of the articular capsule
Synovial membrane
34
Synovial Membrane
composed of areolar
connective tissue with elastic fibers
35
At many synovial joints the synovial membrane includes accumulations of adipose tissue, called
Articular fat pads
36
Synovial Fluid
consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma. more fluid means less stress on the joints during exercise.
37
accessory ligaments
extracapsular (outside) ligaments and intracapsular (Inside) ligaments
38
Articular discs
depict the lateral and medial menisci in the knee
joint. The discs bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane
and usually subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces, allowing separate movements to occur in each space.
39
The functions of
the menisci are:
(1) shock absorption; (2) a better fit between articulating bony surfaces; (3) providing adaptable surfaces for combined
movements; (4) weight distribution over a greater contact surface; and (5) distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces
of the joint.
40
Labrum
prominent in the ball-andsocket joints of the shoulder and hip. helps deepen the joint socket and increases the
area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or femur
41
bursae
are strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints, such as the shoulder and knee joints
42
Tendon sheaths
are tubelike bursae; they wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone
43
Movements at synovial joints are grouped into four main categories:
(1) gliding, (2) angular movements, (3) rotation, and (4) special movements, which occur only at certain joints.
44
Gliding
a simple movement in which nearly flat bone surfaces move
back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another
45
angular movements
an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones. The major angular movements are flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
46
flexion
there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
47
extension
there is an increase in the angle between articulating
bones, oft en to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position
after it has been flexed
48
Movement which occurs
along the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints, is called
lateral flexion
49
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position is called:
hyperextension
50
Abduction
the movement of a bone away from the midline
51
adduction
is the movement of a bone toward the midline
52
Circumduction
is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle.
53
rotation
a bone revolves around its
own longitudinal axis.
54
Special Movements
only at certain joints. They include elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition
55
Elevation
is a superior movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth at the temporomandibular joint
56
Depression
is an inferior movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible
57
Protraction
is a movement of
a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
58
Retraction
is a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position
59
Inversion
is movement of the sole
medially at the intertarsal joints
60
Eversion
a movement of the sole
laterally at the intertarsal joints
61
Dorsiflexion
refers to bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (between the tibia, fibula, and talus) in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface)
62
Plantar Flexion
involves bending of the foot at the ankle
joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface
63
Supination
is a movement of the forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned
anterioraly
64
Pronation
is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly
65
Opposition
is the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint (between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb) in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
66
Synovial joints are divided into six categories
based on type of movement:
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle,
and ball-and-socket
67
plane joint
primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate
against one another.
68
Hinge Joint
the convex surface of
one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
69
Pivot Joint
The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another
bone and partly by a ligament
70
A pivot joint is:
uniaxial. because it allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis
71
condyloid joint
the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone
72
A condyloid
joint is:
biaxial because the movement it permits is around two axes
73
Saddle Joint
the articular surface of one
bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits
into the “saddle”
74
The movements at a saddle joint are the same as those at a condyloid joint:
biaxial (flexion–extension and abduction–adduction) plus limited
circumduction.
75
A ball-and-socket joint
consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone. triaxial (multiaxial), permitting movements around three axes (flexion–extension, abduction–adduction, and rotation).
76
Selected Joints of the Axial Skeleton
Atlanto-occipital, Atlanto-axial, Lumbosacral, Sternolavicular, Radioulnar, Pubic symphisys
77
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
is a combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of
the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the
temporal bone.
78
shoulder joint
a ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of
the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
79
Anatomical Components of the Shoulder Joint
Articular capsule, Coracohumeral ligament, Glenohumeral ligaments, Transverse humeral ligament, Glenoid labrum, Bursae
80
Articular capsule
Thin, loose sac that completely envelops the
joint and extends from the glenoid cavity to the anatomical neck
of the humerus. The inferior part of the capsule is its weakest area
81
Coracohumeral ligament
Strong, broad
ligament that strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule
and extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater
tubercle of the humerus
82
Glenohumeral ligaments
Three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the joint that extend from the
glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus. These ligaments are oft en indistinct or absent and provide only minimal strength
83
Transverse humeral ligament
Narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
84
Glenoid labrum
Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid
cavity
85
Bursae
Four bursae are associated with the shoulder joint. They are the subscapular bursa, subdeltoid bursa, not labeled in subacromial bursa, and subcoracoid bursa.
86
Movements of the Shoulder joints
The shoulder joint allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction
of the arm. Although the ligaments of the shoulder joint strengthen it to some
extent, most of the strength results from the muscles that surround the joint, especially the rotator cuff muscles.
87
Elbow Joint
is a hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum
of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the
radius
88
Components of the Elbow Joint
Articular Capsule, Ulnar Collateral Ligament, Radial Collateral Ligament, Anular ligament of the radius
89
Articular Capsule
The anterior part of the articular capsule covers
the anterior part of the elbow joint, from the radial and coronoid fossae of the humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna and the anular ligament of the radius. The posterior part extends from the
capitulum, olecranon fossa, and lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament of the radius, the olecranon of the ulna, and the ulna posterior to the radial notch.
90
Ulnar collateral ligament
Thick, triangular ligament that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna. Part of this ligament deepens the socket for the trochlea of the humerus.
91
Radial collateral ligament
Strong, triangular ligament that extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
92
Anular ligament of the radius
Strong band that encircles the head of the radius. It holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna
93
The elbow joint allows:
flexion and extension of the forearm
94
Hip Joint
is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.
95
Hip Joint Components
Articular capsule, Ligament of the head of the femur
96
Articular capsule
Very dense and strong capsule that extends from
the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur, one of the strongest structures of the body
97
Ligament of the head of the femur
Flat, triangular band (primarily a synovial fold) that extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to
the fovea capitis of the head of the femur
98
The hip joint allows:
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation medial rotation, and circumduction of the thigh
99
Knee Joint
is the largest and most complex joint of the body. consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity
100
Joints of the Knee Joint (3)
tibiofemoral joint (laterally), tibiofemoral joint (medially), patellofemoral joint
101
Components of Knee Joint
Articular Capsule, Medial and lateral patellar retinacula, Patellar ligament, Tibial collateral ligament, Fibular collateral ligament, Intracapsular ligaments, Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Articular discs (menisci)
102
Articular Capsule of the Knee
No complete, independent capsule unites the
bones of the knee joint. The ligamentous sheath surrounding the joint consists mostly of muscle tendons or their expansions
103
Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
Fused tendons of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the fascia lata (fascia of thigh) that strengthen the anterior surface of the joint
104
Patellar ligament
Continuation of common tendon of insertion
of quadriceps femoris muscle that extends from the patella to the
tibial tuberosity. Also strengthens the anterior surface of the joint.
Posterior surface of the ligament is separated from the synovial membrane of the joint by an infrapatellar fat pad
105
Tibial collateral ligament
Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the joint that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia. Tendons of
the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles, all of which
strengthen the medial aspect of the joint, cross the ligament. The
tibial collateral ligament is firmly attached to the medial meniscus.
106
Fibular collateral ligament
Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the
femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula
107
Intracapsular ligaments
Ligaments within capsule connecting tibia and femur.
108
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of
the femur
109
Articular discs (menisci)
Two fibrocartilage discs between the
tibial and femoral condyles help compensate for the irregular
shapes of the bones and circulate synovial fluid. Consist of Medial Meniscus, Lateral Meniscus
110
The more important bursae of the knee include the following:
Prepatellar bursa, Infrapatellar bursa, Suprapatellar bursa
111
The knee joint allows:
flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, and lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position
112
