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BIO 235 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Bones, muscles and joints

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2
Q

Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions:

A

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs. Bones forming the girdles.

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4
Q

Girdles

A

connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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5
Q

Short bones

A

cube-shaped and are nearly equal in
length and width. Consist of spongy tissue except at the surface.

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6
Q

Flat Bones

A

thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue. Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment.

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7
Q

Irregular Bones

A

complex shapes and cannot be grouped
into any of the previous categories.

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles.

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9
Q

Sutural Bones

A

small bones located in sutures (joints) between certain cranial bones.

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10
Q

Surface Markings

A

structural features adapted for special functions

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11
Q

Two types of surface markings

A

1)depressions
and openings and 2) Processes

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12
Q

Depressions and Openings

A

Type of Surface marking. Allow the passage of soft tissues.

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13
Q

Processes

A

projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve
as attachment points for connective tissue. (Ex ligaments and tendons)

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14
Q

Skull

A

the bony framework of the head. It contains 22 bones (not counting the bones of the middle ears) and rests on the superior end of
the vertebral column (backbone)

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15
Q

Skull bone categories (2)

A

Cranial Bones and Facial Bones

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16
Q

Cranial Bones

A

form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the
brain.

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17
Q

Facial Bones

A

form the face: two nasal bones, two maxillae (or maxillas), two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer.

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18
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Type of cranial bone. Forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor.

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19
Q

Parietal Bone

A

form the greater
portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. The internal surfaces of the parietal bones contain many protrusions and
depressions that accommodate the blood vessels supplying the dura
mater, the superficial connective tissue (meninx) covering of the brain.

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20
Q

Types of Cranial Bones

A

Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

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21
Q

Temporal Bone

A

form the inferior
lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. . Projecting from the inferior portion of the temporal squama is the zygomatic process,
which articulates (forms a joint) with the temporal process of the zygomatic (cheek) bone. Together, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone form the
zygomatic arch.

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22
Q

Mandibular Fossa

A

located on the inferior
posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone.

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23
Q

The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
articulate with the mandible (lower jawbone) to form the:

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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24
Q

Mastoid Portion

A

Part of temporal Bone. located posterior and inferior to the external
auditory meatus (ear canal) which directs sound waves into the ear.

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25
Mastoid Process
is a rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external meatus. Point of attachment for many neck muscles.
26
Internal Auditory Meatus
The opening through which the facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve pass.
27
Petrous Portion
the temporal portion at the floor of the cranial cavity. Base of skull
28
Occipital Bone
forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
29
Foramen Magnum
the inferior part of the occipital bone
30
Occipital Condyles
articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint, which allows you to nod your head “yes.”
31
External occipital protuberance
the most prominent midline projection on the posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum.
31
Sphenoid Bone
lies at the middle part of the base of the skull. keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together.
32
Ethmoid Bone
a delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits and is spongelike in appearance.
33
Ethmoid Bone Forms:
(1) part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor; (2) the medial wall of the orbits; (3) the superior portion of the nasal septum, a partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides; and (4) most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity.
34
Palatine Bones
form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits.
35
Inferior Nasal Conchae
are inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone, are separate bones, not part of the ethmoid bone. All three pairs of nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs.
36
Which nasal conchae is involved in the sense of smell?
Superior Nasal Conchae
37
Facial Bones include:
nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, maxillae, zygomatic, and mandible
38
Nasal Bones
small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose. protect the upper entry to the nasal cavity and provide attachment for a couple of thin muscles of facial expression
39
Lacrimal Bones
thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape. contain a lacrimal fossa, a vertical tunnel formed with the maxilla, that houses the lacrimal sac, a structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity
40
Palatine Bones
form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits.
41
Vomer
a roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone and inferiorly with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline
42
Maxillae
Form the upper jawbone. form part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate.
43
Hard Palate
e bony roof of the mouth, and is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
44
Each Maxilla contains a large:
Maxillary sinus- empties into the nasal cavity
45
Zygomatic Bones
Cheekbones. form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit.
46
Mandible
is the largest, strongest facial bone.
47
The nasal cavity is a space inside the skull that is divided into right and left sides by a vertical partition called the
Nasal Septum- consists of bones and cartilidge
48
Three Components of the Nasal Septum
vomer, septal cartilage, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
49
Orbit
contains the eyeball and associated structures
50
Foramina
openings for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments; singular is foramen
51
Suture
an immovable joint (in most cases in an adult skull) that holds most skull bones together.
52
Four Prominent Sutures:
Coronal Suture, Sagital Suture, Lambdoid Suture, Squamous Sutures
53
Paranasal Sinuses
cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity.
54
Fontanels
are areas where unossified mesenchyme develops into the dense connective tissues of the skull.
55
Hyoid Bone
supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx.
56
Vertebral Collumn
consists of bone and connective tissue; the spinal cord that it surrounds and protects consists of nervous and connective tissues
57
the adult vertebral column typically contains:
26 vertebrae
58
Vertebrae in an adult
* 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region. * 12 thoracic vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity. * 5 lumbar vertebrae supporting the lower back. * 1 sacrum consisting of five fused sacral vertebrae. * 1 coccyx usually consisting of four fused coccygeal vertebrae
59
Intervertebral discs
Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Each disc has an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage called annulus fibrosis and an inner substance called nucleus pulposes.
60
Parts of a Typical Vertebrae
vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and several processes
61
Vertebral Body
Weight bearing part of a Vertebrae
62
Vertebral Arch
The vertebral arch extends posteriorly from the body of the vertebra; together, the vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround the spinal cord by forming the vertebral foreman.
63
Processes
Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch. At the point where a lamina and pedicle join, a transverse process extends laterally on each side. A single spinous process (spine) projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae. These three processes serve as points of attachment for muscles. The remaining four processes form joints with other vertebrae above or below.
64
The regions of Vertebral Column
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
65
Cervical Vertebrae
smaller than all other vertebrae except those that form the coccyx. vertebral arches, however, are larger.
66
Atlas
the first cervical vertebra inferior to the skull.
67
Axis
does have a vertebral body. A peglike process called the dens or odontoid process projects superiorly through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas.
68
Thoracic Vertebrae
Larger and stronger. have longer and larger transverse processes. They are easily identified by their costal facets (cost- = rib), which are articular surfaces for the ribs.
69
Lumbar Vertebrae
the largest and strongest of the unfused bones in the vertebral column (Figure 7.20) because the amount of body weight supported by the vertebrae increases toward the inferior end of the backbone.
70
Sacrum
triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5). Begin to fuse between 16 and 18 years, process completed by 30.
71
sacral promontory
one of the points used for measurements of the pelvis.
72
On both lateral surfaces the sacrum has a large ear-shaped auricular surface that articulates with the ilium of each hip bone to form the:
sacroiliac joint
73
Coccyx
is triangular in shape. It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae. Fuse between ages of 20 and 30.
74
Thorax
entire chest region.
75
Thoracic Cage
bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs and their costal cartilages, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
76
Sternum
The superior part is the manubrium; the middle and largest part is the body; and the inferior, smallest part is the xiphoid process. Fuse by 25. Marked by transverse edges.
77
The junction of the manubrium and body forms the
Sternal Angle
78
The manubrium has a depression on its superior surface, the:
suprasternal notch
79
clavicular notches
articulate with the medial ends of the clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints.
80
Ribs
numbered 1–12 from superior to inferior, give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity
81
The articulations formed between the true ribs and the sternum are called:
sternocostal joints
82
The cartilages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs attach to one another and then to the cartilages of the seventh pair of ribs. These false ribs are called:
vertebrochondral ribs
83
The eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs are false ribs designated as:
floating
84

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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