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BIO 235 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Main Chemical Elements of Body

A

Matter, Chemical Element, Chemical Symbol, Major Elements, Lesser Elements, Trace Elements

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2
Q

Define Matter

A

anything that occupies space. Includes Mass and Space

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3
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in any object

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4
Q

Weight

A

force of gravity acting on matter

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5
Q

Chemical Element

A

All forms of matter. Both living and non-living are made up of a limited number of building blocks

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6
Q

Chemical Symbol

A

Each element is a substance by ordinary chemical means, each named element is designated by a symbol, one or two letters of the elements name in English/Latin or another language

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7
Q

Major Elements

A

96% of body’s mass. Include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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8
Q

Lesser Elements

A

3.6% of body’s mass. Include calcium phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron

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9
Q

Trace Elements

A

present in tiny amounts 0.4% of body mass
Include 14 elements

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10
Q

Atom

A

smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the elements

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11
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

composed of individual atoms, protons/neurons/electrons

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense central core of an atom (# of electrons=# of protons)

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13
Q

Total body mass and significance of O2

A

65%
Part of water and many organic molecules; used to generate ATPA

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14
Q

ATP

A

a molecule used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy

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15
Q

Total body mass and significance of Carbon

A

18.5%
Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules

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16
Q

Total body mass and significance of Hydrogen

A

9.5%
Constituent of water and most organic molecules

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17
Q

Total body mass and significance of Nitrogen

A

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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18
Q

Protons

A

positively charged

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19
Q

Electrons

A

negatively charged

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20
Q

Neutrons

A

uncharged

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21
Q

Electron Shells

A

Maybe depicted as simple circles around the nucleus

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22
Q

First Electron shell

A

no more then 2 electrons

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23
Q

2nd Electron Shell

A

Max 8 electrons

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24
Q

3rd Electron Shell

A

Max 18 electrons

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25
Q

Atomic #

A

of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an atom’s atomic #

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26
Q

Mass #

A

Of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons

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27
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have different #’s of neutrons therefore different mass #’s

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28
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

Unstable; their nuclei decay into a stable configuration

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29
Q

Half-life

A

time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form

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30
Q

Dalton

A

standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles

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31
Q

Atomic Mass

A

atomic weight, the average mass of all the elements naturall occurring isotopes

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32
Q

Ion

A

happens if an atom either gives up or gains electrons. Has a positive or negative charge

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33
Q

Ionization

A

the process of giving up or gaining electrons

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34
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination

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35
Q

Compound

A

a substance that contains atoms of 2 or more different elements

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36
Q

Free radical

A

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell, an unpaired electron makes a free radical unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to nearby molecules

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37
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

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38
Q

Valence Shell of Electrons

A

Likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell

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39
Q

Ionic Bond

A

+ or - charged ions are attracted to one another –> opposites attract. Force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges.

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40
Q

Cation

A

Total # of protons exceeds the # of electrons

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41
Q

Anion

A

Total # of electrons exceeds # or protons

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42
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound the breaks apart into + or - ions in solution

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43
Q

Covalent bond

A

forms 2 or more atoms that share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

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44
Q

Single Covalent bond

A

results when 2 atoms share one electron pair

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45
Q

Double Covalent bond

A

results when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

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46
Q

Triple Covalent bond

A

results when 2 atoms share 3 pairs of electrons

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47
Q

Non polar bond

A

the bonds between 2 identical atoms

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48
Q

Polar Bond

A

sharing of electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom

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49
Q

Electronegativity

A

the power to attract electrons to itself

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50
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial + charge attracts the partial - charge

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51
Q

Surface Tension

A

a measure of difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface liquid

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52
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

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53
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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54
Q

Principal Forms of Energy

A

Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

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55
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy stored by matter due to its position

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56
Q

Reactants

A

Starting substances–> two H2 and one O2

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57
Q

Products

A

Ending Substances–> two molecules of H2O

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58
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in the body

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59
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy associated with matter in motion

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60
Q

Chemical Energy

A

form a potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

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61
Q

Law of energy conservation

A

energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it maybe converted from on form to another

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62
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Release more energy than they absorb

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63
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

absorb more energy than they release

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64
Q

Activation energy

A

collision of energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

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65
Q

Concentration

A

more particles of matter present in a confined space, the grater the chance that they will collide

66
Q

Temperature

A

Temp rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly.

67
Q

Catalysts

A

Are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy needed for reaction to occur

68
Q

Synthesis reactions (Anabolism)

A

occur in the body collectively, overall anabolic reactions are usually energonic as they absorb more energy than they release

69
Q

Decomposition Reactions (Catabolism)

A

Split up larger molecules into smaller atoms/ions/molecules. Decomposition reactions that occur within the body are catabolic reactions as they are usually exergonic because they release more energy than they absorb

70
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

They consist of body synthesis and decomposition reactions. The bonds break between A and B and between C and Dand new bonds form between A and D and between B and C

71
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

The Products can revert to the original reactans (AB combined into/breaks down into A + B)

72
Q

Oxidation

A

Refers to the gain of electrons; in the process the reduced substance gains energy

73
Q

Reduction

A

Refers to the gain of electrons; in the process the reduced substance gains energy

74
Q

Oxidation-Reductions Reactions

A

Are always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time

75
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

Usually lack carbon and are structurally simple; their molecules also have only a few atoms and can’t be used to cells to perform complicated biological functions

76
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contain carbon, usually hydrogen; and always have covalent bonds; most large molecules many made up of long carbon atom chains

77
Q

Water

A

most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems

78
Q

Solvent

A

dissolved another substance (Water most versatile solvent)

79
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved by solvent

80
Q

Solution

A

When a solvent dissolved a solute

81
Q

Hydrophillic

A

solutes that are charge or contain polar covalent. Dissolve easier in water

82
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds. Not very water-soluble

83
Q

Water in Chemical Reactions

A

Serves as a medium for most chemical reactions in the body and participates as a reactant or product in certain reactions

84
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition reactions break down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by addition of water molecules. Hydrolysis reactions enable dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

85
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

a water molecule is one of the products formed

86
Q

Thermal properties of water

A

water can absorb or release a relatively large amount of hear with only a modest change in its own temperatre. High heat capacity. Heat of vaporization also high

87
Q

Water as a lubricant

A

Major component of mucus and other lubrication fluids throughout the body

88
Q

Mixture

A

a combo of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

89
Q

Colloid

A

differes from a solution mainly because of particle size. The solute particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light

90
Q

Suspension

A

solutes in both solutions and colloids do not settle and accumulate at the bottom of the container. Suspended material may mix with the liquid or medium for sometime but will eventually settle.

91
Q

Concentration

A

expressed in several ways: % -> gives reactive mass of a solute found in a given volume of solution

92
Q

Moles/Liter (Molarity)

A

Relates to the total # of molecules in a given volume of solution

93
Q

Mole

A

is the # of any substance that has a mass in grams = to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms

94
Q

Dissociate

A

they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

95
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into 1 or more H+ ions and 1 or more anions

96
Q

Base

A

removes the H+ from a solution and is therefore a proton acceptor

97
Q

Salt

A

When dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions

98
Q

pH

A

concept of pH intracellular and extracellular fluids must contain balanced quantities of acids and bases

99
Q

pH scale

A

A solutions alkalinity or acidity which extends from 0-14

100
Q

Acidic Solution

A

A solution that has more H+ than OH- and a pH lower then 7

101
Q

Basic Solution

A

A solution that has more OH- then H+. pH above 7

102
Q

Buffer System

A

Function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

103
Q

Buffers

A

Chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or cases into weak ones

104
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid and the bicarbonate ion can act as a weak base

105
Q

Functional groups of organic molecules

A

carbon skeleton, hydrocarbon, functional groups

106
Q

Carbon Skeleton

A

A chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

107
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Many of the carbon are bonded to hydrogen atoms

108
Q

Functional groups

A

attached to the carbon skeletons, other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton

109
Q

Macromolecules

A

small organic molecules combine into very large molecules

110
Q

Polymers

A

A large molecule forms by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules

111
Q

Monomers

A

The reaction that joins 2 monomers is dehydration synthesis

112
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

113
Q

Building blocks of Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Glycogen, Starches, Cellulose

114
Q

Carbohydrates

A

includes sugar, glycogen, starches, and cellulose. 2-3% of body mass

115
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, contain 3-7 carbon atoms

116
Q

Disaccharides

A

molecule formed from the combination of 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis reactions

117
Q

Polysaccharides

A

3rd major group of carbs, each molecule contains hundreds of monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis reactions

118
Q

Glycogen

A

made entirely of glucose monomers linked to 1 another in branching chains

119
Q

Starches

A

Are polysaccharides forms from glucose by plants

120
Q

Cellulose

A

Is a polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces

121
Q

Lipids

A

make up 18-25% of body mass in lean adults. Contain carbon hydrogen, oxygen. Are Hydrophobic

122
Q

Lipoprotein

A

More soluble in blood plasma. Soluble because the proteins on the outside and lipids on the inside

123
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Simplest lipids, which are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids

124
Q

Saturated fatty Acid

A

contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. Lack double bonds

125
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Contains 1 or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain.

126
Q

Triglycerides

A

most plentiful lipids in your body and in your diet

127
Q

Glycerol

A

a 3 carbon molecule forms the backbone of a triglyceride

128
Q

Phospholipids

A

Have a glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid chains attached to the 1st two carbons

129
Q

Amphiphatic

A

On both side, they line up tail-tail in a double row to make up much of the membrane that surrounds each cell

130
Q

Steroid

A

4 rings of carbon atoms

131
Q

Cholesterol

A

have at least one hydroxyl group. Needed for cell membrane structure

132
Q

Eicosanoids

A

lipids derived from 20 carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid

133
Q

Prostaglandins

A

2 principal subclasses of eicosanoids

134
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Participate in allergic and inflammatory responses

135
Q

Protein

A

large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

136
Q

Amino Acids

A

the monomers of protein, each of the 20 different amino acids has a H atom and 3 important finctional groups attached to a central carbon atom.

137
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids.

138
Q

Dipeptide

A

When 2 amino acids combine

139
Q

Tripeptide

A

Adding another amino acid to a dipeptide

140
Q

Polypeptide

A

Further additions of amino acids result in the formation of a chainlike peptide or more amino acids

141
Q

Denaturation

A

If a protein encounters an altered environment, it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape and are no longer functional.

142
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Were first discovered in nuclei of cells, huge organic molecules that contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

143
Q

DNA

A

forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell

144
Q

Gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule

145
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

2nd type of nucleic acid relays intructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

146
Q

Nucleotides

A

A chain of repeating monomers

147
Q

Nitrogen Base

A

DNA contains 4 different nitrogenous bases which contain atoms of C, H, O, and N. In nitrogen the 4 bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

148
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Pentose sugar is a 5 carbon sugar that attaches to each base in DNA

149
Q

Phophate Group

A

Alternate with pentose sugar to form the backbone of a DNA strand; the base projects inward form the backbone chain

150
Q

Double Helix

A

DNA resemble a spiral ladder, 2 strands alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the upright ladder, paired bases held together by hydrogen bonds, form the rings

151
Q

Ribose

A

RNA is 2nd variety of nucleic acid, differs from DNA in several respects. In humans, RNA is single-stranded, the sugar in the RNA nucleotide is the pentose ribose.

152
Q

ATP

A

the energy currency of living systemsh

153
Q

What does ATP consist of

A

2 phosphate groups attached to adenosine

154
Q

ADP

A

Energy needed to attach a phosphate group to ADP is supplied mainly by the catabolism of glucose in a process called cellular respiration

155
Q

Cellular Respiration Phases

A
  1. Anaerobic Phase
    2.Aerobic Phase
156
Q

Enzymes

A

In all living cells, most catalysts are these protein molecules.

157
Q

Two Parts of Enzymes

A

Apoenzyme (protein portion) and cofactor (nonprotein factor)

158
Q

Three important properties of enzymes

A

Enzymes are highly specific, Enzymes are very effecient, enzmes are subject to a variety of cellular controls

159
Q

Substrates

A

reactant molecules on which the enzyme acts

160
Q

Active Site

A

part of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction

161
Q

Enzyme-subtrate complex

A

In this reaction two substrate molecules are sucrose and water

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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